B  ULLET1N 


OF   THE 


DEEJSSZEJIK 


VOL.  23.         SALEM:  JAN.,  FEB.,  MAR.,   1891.      Nos.  1,  2,  3. 


AN  AID  TO  A  COLLECTOR  OF 

THE  CCELEXTERATA  AND  ECHINODERMATA 

OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

BY   J.   WALTER  FEWKES. 


I.  Introduction. 

II.  Kinds  of  Collecting. 

A.  Shore  Collecting. 

B.  Dredging. 

C.  Collecting  of  "Surface"  animals. 

a.     Freeing  the  Net  of  its  Collection. 

?>.     Collecting  Surface  Animals    by  Observation  on    the 

Water. 
c.     Places  for  Collecting  Surface  Animals. 

III.  Coelenterata. 
Ilydro/oa. 

Hydroida. 

1.  Free-swimming  Larva?. 

2.  Attached  Young. 

a.     Athecata. 

1>.     Thecaphora. 
Trachy  medusae. 
Siphonophora. 
Acraspeda. 

Free-swimming  Larva?. 


KSSKX    IN'ST.    BULLKTIN,  VOL.    XXTIT.  1 


(1) 


CCELENTERATA    AND 

Ctenopliora. 

Free-swimming  LarvsB. 
Actinozoa. 

Actinoida. 

Alcyonoida. 

IV.  Echinodermata. 

Asteroidea. 
Opiiiuroiclea. 
Ecliinoidea. 
Holothurioidea. 

V.  General  Directions. 

I.     INTRODUCTION. 

It  is  very  difficult  for  one  wishing  to  study  the  develop- 
ment or  anatomy  of  any  marine  animal  to  know  when  and 
where  to  find  the  eggs,  young  and  adult.  It  is  also  not 
easy  to  recognize  the  young  of  certain  members  of  our 
marine  fauna,  when  they  are  found.  It  is  also  difficult  to 
identify  the  adult. 

The  following  pages  are  intended  to  serve  as  a  help  in 
the  identification  of  the  adults  and  young  of  the  more 
common  Ccelenterata  and  Echinodermata  of  the  waters  of 
New  England.  They  are  written  for  those1  who  wish  some 
means  by  which  to  learn  the  names  and  the  general  exter- 
nal characters  of  the  common  forms  of  life,  which  have  their 
homes  on  our  coasts.  The  author  follows  with  admira- 
tion the  plan  adopted  by  Philip  Gosse  in  a  too  little  known 
Manual  of  Marine  Zoology,  which  without  claim  for  orig- 
inality he  has  simply  modified  to  meet  the  necessities  of  the 
present  case.  The  lament  which  Gosse  makes  that  the 
information  necessary  to  identify  the  common  animals  of 
Great  Britain  is  scattered  through  monographs,  many  of 


iThis  key  to  the  identification  of  New  England  Coelenterata  and  Echinodennata 
was  prepared  for  the  members  of  the  Teachers'  School  ol  Science  who  attended  my 
course  of  lectures  in  the  winter  of  1890.  It  is  intended  to  be  used  as  an  introduc- 
tion to  a  study  of  their  notes  on  some  of  those  lectures. 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  3 

which  are  in  a  foreign  tongue,  may  with  still  greater  em- 
phasis be  repeated  by  us  in  New  England,  especially  as  far 
as  the  young  of  our  marine  animals  are  concerned.  These 
chapters  are  written  as  introductions  to  larger  works  and 
more  exhaustive  monographs. 

These  pages  may  be  of  use  to  those  who,  while  not  be- 
ginners, have  yet  made  such  progress  in  the  study  of  our 
marine  animals  as  to  wish  some  guide  in  the  determina- 
tion of  a  few  of  the  different  specific  forms  of  lower  marine 
life  which  he  meets.  It  is  not  a  monograph  nor  an  origi- 
nal contribution  to  the  subject.  It  is  an  aid  to  the  col- 
lector, and  is  intended  to  meet  certain  difficulties  which 
even  the  professional  naturalist  encounters  in  the  identi- 
fication of  animals. 

II.     KINDS  OF   COLLECTING. 

It  is  well  for  the  student  of  our  Ccelenterata  and  Echino- 
dermata  to  be  familiar  with  methods  of  collecting  in  three 
different  regions. 

A.  Shore  Collecting,  or  collecting  of  animals  from  the 
littoral  zone. 

B.  Dredging,  or  collecting  from  depths  below  low  tides. 
(7.     Surface  Collecting,  or  collecting  from  the  surface 

of  the  water. 

A.     SHORE  COLLECTING. 

In  order  to  study  the  marine  larvae  of  jellyfishes  and 
starfishes,  it  is  often  necessary  to  raise  them  from  the 
egg.  The  capture  of  adults  with  ova  is  therefore  a  de- 
sideratum. The  apparatus  employed  in  shore  collecting 
is  very  simple.  A  jar  or  pail  for  specimens,  a  shovel  or 
trowel  and  a  hand  net  are  all  that  is  required.  The  time 
for  collecting  is  generally  at  low-tide,  and  as  more  animals 
are  washed  up  after  rough  weather,  the  last  days  of  a  storm 
give  the  best  results. 


284454 


4  CCELENTERATA    AND 

On  the  line  between  high  and  low  tide  many  genera  of 
Echinoderms  are  found  thrown  upon  the  beach.  Several 
Holothurians  are  found  by  digging  in  the  flats. 

The  hydroids  of  jellyfislies  and  many  of  the  Actinozoa 
occur  in  sheltered  pools  or  caves  just  below  low  tide,  and 
can  easily  be  captured  with  a  hand-net  by  a  little  wading. 
I  have  found  the  roots  of  our  large  Laminaria,  or  "Devil's 
Apron  String,"  when  placed  in  pure  water  and  allowed  to 
stand  for  a  length  of  time,  to  give  up  a  rich  collection  of 
young  starfishes,  some  young  Holothurians  and  many 
Ophiurans.  Hydroids  are  abundant  on  certain  seaweeds 
washed  on  the  shore  after  a  storm.  It  is  well  to  transfer 
to  our  aquarium  any  object  which  when  thrown  on  the 
beach  has  apparently  been  recently  torn  from  the  bottom 
or  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  floating  for  a  con- 
siderable time.  These  objects  almost  invariably  will  be 
found  to  be  the  home  of  a  rich  coelenterate  life. 

B.     DREDGING. 

The  use  of  the  dredge  for  the  capture  of  the  adults  with 
ova  cannot  be  neglected.  The  great  majority  of  the  adults 
and  some  of  the  young  are  taken  iu  this  way. 

For  dredging  down  to  fifty  fathoms,  which  is  the  limit 


DREDGE  FOR  USE  IN   SHALLOW  WATER. 


of  the  animals  treated  of  in  this  volume,  a  very  simple  dredge 
can  be  constructed  by  any  blacksmith,  and  with  a  rope 
suitable  for  that  purpose,  will  cost  only  a  few  dollars. 
The  dredge  which  I  have  used  consists  of  a  rectangular 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW    ENGLAND.  0 

frame  made  of  iron  of  about  twice  the  length  of  the  height. 
The  longer  sides  are  made  of  flat  bars  which  are  more  or 
less  flaring.  The  rope  is  attached  to  two  iron  arms  which 
move  readily  on  their  attachment  to  the  frame  and  which 
have  eyebolts  at  their  free  ends.  The  rope  is  firmly  at- 
tached to  one  of  these ;  the  attachment  to  the  other  is  by 
means  of  a  smaller  cord  which  will  break  when  the  dredge 
is  caught,  and  allow  the  obstruction  to  be  avoided  by  a 
change  in  the  direction  of  the  dredge.  A  weight  is  fas- 
tened to  the  dredging  rope  about  five  feet  or  a  fathom  from 
its  junction  with  the  dredge,  to  insure  success  in  the  dredge 
being  dragged  along  horizontally.  The  length  of  the  rope 
used  must  be  somewhat  longer  than  the  depth  of  the  soiind- 
ing,  and  may  be  determined  by  the  various  conditions,  as 
depth  of  the  water,  or  time  of  the  tides.  The  simple 
drifting  of  the  large  sail  boat  is  force  enough  to  work 
with  a  small  dredge. 

The  net  of  the  dredge  is  fastened  to  the  iron  frame, 
and  is  protected  by  a  coarse  canvas  bag  which  prevents 
the  meshes  from  being  torn.  The  time  the  dredge  may 
be  left  out  must  be  determined  by  experience. 

The  most  convenient  place1  for  shore  collecting  is  at  .Re- 
vere Beach  and  Nahant.  The  piles  of  Beverly  Bridge  fur- 
nish many  Actinoids  and  Hydroids. 

The  dredging  off  Nahant  is  among  the  best  in  New  Eng- 
land. Off  Race  Point,  Province  town,  a  rich  harvest  may 
be  expected.  The  channel  between  Castle  Hill  and  Co- 
nanicut  Island  is  rich  in  certain  genera,  especially  Arbacise 
and  Echinarachnii.  Dredging  off  Baker's  Island  is  good. 

The  ledges  in  the  middle  of  Plum  Island  river  off  Great 
Neck,  Ipswich,  and  the  adjoining  deep  water  are  good 
places  for  Asteroids  and  Echinoids. 

Grand  M:inan  is  one  of  the  best  collecting  places  for  lit- 


1  This  is  written  for  teachers  living  near  Boston. 


CCELENTERATA    AND 

toral  and  shallow  water  animals  on  our  coast.  The  Crip- 
plings" furnish  one  of  the  best  places  for  surface  genera. 
At  Eastport  the  channel  between  the  Old  Friar  and  Treat's 
Island  is  the  richest  known  to  me.  The  surface  fishing 
there  is  good.  Newport  affords  an  abundant  surface  fauna 
which  is  characteristically  southern  in  its  facies. 

Surface  fishing,  as  distinguished  from  shore  collecting 
and  dredging,  pertains  to  those  animals  which  habitually 
swim  at  or  very  near  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

The  fauna  of  the  ocean  surface  is  known  as  the  pelagic 
fauna,  from  the  Greek  word,  -niXa-foc;,  meaning  the  sea. 
Since,  however,  the  word  pelagic  from  its  derivation  means 
the  sea  as  a  whole  without  special  reference  to  the  surface, 
the  adjective  aequorial,  from  "sequor"  the  surface,  would 
more  accurately  designate  the  character  of  the  fauna  with 
which  a  part  of  our  subject  deals. 

The  methods  of  surface  fishing  are  easily  acquired  and 
require  no  complicated  outfit.  A  simple  hand  or  drag- 
net made  of  muslin  or  bolting  cloth  for  collecting  ;  a  water 
bucket  or  jar  for  the  reception  of  specimens  captured  ;  and 
a  boat  to  seek  out  the  tide  eddies  where  the  animals  which 
we  are  to  study  are  most  common,  are  all  that  is  necessary. 
This  method  of  fishing  needs  but  a  few  general  hints  for 
successful  prosecution. 

The  best  collecting  ground  must  be  learned  from  expe- 
rience. Tide  eddies,  edges  of  currents,  sheltered  nooks 
and  small  bays  into  which  the  floating  life  is  accidentally 
lodged  or  driven  by  the  wind  and  tides,  are  most  prolific 
in  the  abundance  of  surface  life.  Wherever  the  tidal  cur- 
rents collect  flotsam  of  any  kind,  there,  if  not  too  far  from 
the  open  ocean,  one  can  look  with  promise  of  success  for 
wealth  of  aequorial  life.  The  same  causes  which  bring  in- 
animate objects  into  these  places  will  lead  to  accumula- 
tion of  floating  forms  of  life  in  the  same  localities. 

The  time   for  profitable   collecting  is   influenced  by  the 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  7 

tides,  the  winds  and  some  unknown  conditions.  Other 
things  being  equal,  at  the  month  of  a  bay  as  at  Newport 
the  full  tide  is  best  for  oceanic  larvae,  or  if  one  is  situated 
near  a  small  bay  where  floating  material  is  caught  during 
an  ebbing  tide,  about  an  hour  after  the  tide  begins  to  fall 
will  generally  yield  the  best  results.  The  first  hour  of  the 
flood  is  commonly  the  poorest  time  for  surface  collecting  and 
the  last  of  the  ebb  generally  gives  us  the  larvae  of  the  litto- 
ral fauna  rather  than  the  oceanic.  The  best  condition  of  the 
sea  in  which  to  collect  surface  animals,  adult  as  well  as 
larvae,  is  during  a  calm.  \Vhen  this  happens  in  Narragan- 
sett  Bay  at  high  tide,  after  a  strong  south,  or  southeasterly 
wind  we  may,  if  ever,  expect  to  find  a  most  abundant  and 
varied  life  captured  in  our  nets.  Smooth  places  on  the 
surface  called  "slicks"  afford  good  collecting.  Night-time 
during  that  calm  state  of  the  water  which  commonly  takes 
place  between  eight  and  nine  o'clock,  is  one  of  the  best 
hours  for  successful  surface  fishing.  The  amount  of  "phos- 
phorescence" in  the  water  is  an  indicator  of  the  abundance 
of  surface  life.  The  character  of  the  animal  life  which 
causes  the  glow  can  be  in  a  measure  made  out  by  the  color 
of  the  emitted  light. 

As  most  of  the  larvae  which  are  treated  of  in  these  chap- 
ters are  very  minute,  almost  invisible  when  swimming  in 
the  sea,  it  is  often  necessary  in  collecting  to  drag  the  net 
about  apparently  at  random,  "skimming"  as  it  is  called  the 
surface  of  the  water,  and  then  lightly  washing  off  into  the 
water  of  the  collecting  jars  the  small  animals  which  al- 
though not  seen  have  been  caught  on  the  meshes.  An 
examination  of  the  capture  for  identification  must  be  made 
in  a  more  favorable  time  and  place  than  at  night  in  the 
boat.  The  water  into  which  the  animals  have  been  washed 
from  the  drag-net  is  commonly  placed  in  glass  dishes  over 
a  black  background  (tile  preferred)  and  allowed  to  be- 


«  CCELENTERATA    AND 

come  quiet.  It  is  well  also  to  place  the  dish  in  such  a 
way  that  direct  light  shines  on  one  side  in  order  to  look 
through  it  from  the  other.  The  black  ground  and  the 
light  passing  through  the  water  make  it  possible  to  detect 
more  easily  sm  al  swimming  larvae.  Commonly  also, 
when  the  water  in  the  dish  is  quiet,  the  minute  embryos 
and  larvae  come  to  the  surface  and  can  be  seen  and  easily 
picked  out  with  a  pipette,  from  which  they  are  transferred 
to  a  "live  box,"  or  watch  crystal  for  study. 

The  present  work  goes  no  farther  than  the  identifica- 
tion of  the  larvae.  Their  method  of  treatment  as  objects 
of  embryological  research  with  reagents  and  with  the  mi- 
croscope belongs  to  another  chapter  of  marine  zoology. 
Those  who  seek  in  these  pages  a  fauna!  catalogue  will 
find  many  omissions.  I  have  tried  to  write  an  introduc- 
tion to  the  fascinating  study  of  the  adult  and  larval  stages 
of  the  lower  animals  which  are  found  in  our  bays. 


(7.     COLLECTING  SURFACE  ANIMALS. 

(WITH  TOW  OR  DIP-NET.) 

The  animals  which  constitute  the  surface  fauna  are  ob- 
tained by  what  is  called  a  towing-net.  The  towing-net  is 
a  bag  made  of  strong  linen  or  bunting  and  is  dragged 


TOW-NET  FOR  ^SQUORIAL  ORGANISMS. 


through  the  water  after  the  boat.  The  mouth  of  the  net 
is  kept  open  by  a  metallic  ring  to  which  the  mouth  of  the 
net  is  fastened.  The  net  should  be  about  a  foot  deep,  and 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  9 

the  diameter  of  the  ring  of  wire  possibly  twenty  inches. 
The  wire  should  be  large  enough  not  to  be  bent  under  a 

O  O 

considerable  strain. 

Three  pieces  of  line  about  the  size  of  cod-line  and  about 
two  feet  long  are  fastened  at  equal  intervals  in  the  ring. 
These  are  all  joined  at  one  end  and  attached  to  the  tow- 
ing-line. Enough  of  the  towing-line  should  be  let  out  to 
cause  the  net  to  work  just  below  the  surface.  The  length 
of  the  towing-line  must  be  learned  from  experience. 

The  towing  apparatus,  thus  rigged,  is  used  in  the  fol- 
lowing way :  After  the  net  is  thrown  over  the  stern  of 
the  boat,  a  moderate  headway  is  given  to  the  boat.  The 
length  of  time  the  net  must  be  dragged  is  regulated  by  the 
abundance  of  surface  life.  Care  should  be  taken  that  the 
headway  of  the  boat  is  not  lost,  as  in  such  a  case  the  ani- 
mals are  washed  out  of  the  net.  To  obtain  life  from  zones 
below  the  surface  the  net  can  be  weighted  by  a  weight  de- 
termined by  the  length  of  the  tow-rope,  the  velocity  of  the 
boat  and  other  circumstances.  Care  should  betaken,  if 
the  direction  of  headway  is  changed,  that  the  net  is  always 
kept  distended  in  its  original  direction.  When  there  is  a 
coastward  current  under  a  bridge,  the  towing-line  may  be 
fastened  to  the  bridge  and  the  force  of  the  current  utilized 
to  distend  the  net. 

a.  Freeing  the  net  of  its  collections. 
The  net  is  hauled  on  board  and  the  contents  simply 
washed  into  a  pail  of  pure  water  by  turning  the  net  wrong 
side  out.  An  ordinary  water  bucket  is  a  good  collecting 
vessel.  For  detection  of  the  specimens  the  best  plan  is  to 
use  glass  vessels  over  a  black  ground.  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  uses 

O  O  O 

flat  glass  pans  over  a  table  of  black  tiles.  Altaian  recom- 
mends a  white  glazed  earthenware  pan  such  as  is  used  in 
dairies  for  holding  milk.  If  the  bowl  is  placed  in  a  deep 

K3S3X    IX  ST.   BULLETIN,  VOL.  XXIII  1* 


10  CCELENTERATA    AND 

glass  jar  or  finger  bowl  so  that  the  light  passes  through  it, 
small  animals  can  be  detected  through  the  sides.  Most  of 
the  small  animals  seek  that  side  of  the  vessel  on  the  surface 
turned  to  the  light  and  one  can  easily  find  them  there. 
Small  glass  finger-bowls  in  which  larvae  can  be  raised,  can 
be  examined  by  holding  them  between  the  light  and  the 
eye.  The  animals  may  be  picked  out  by  pipettes  or  tubes. 
The  water  in  which  the  animals  are  first  placed,  if  crowded 
with  life,  soon  becomes  vitiated.  When  few  animals  are 
found  they  can  be  left  in  the  pan  in  the  same  water  in  which 
they  were  captured.  It  is  a- good  plan  to  add  in  such  cases 
some  pure  water,  and  keep  in  the  pan  small  genera  of 
bright  green  algae. 

b.      Collecting  surface  animals  by  observation  in  tJie 
water. 

Although  the  dip  and  the  drag-net  yield  the  best  re- 
sults, it  is  often  necessary  to  see  the  animals  in  their  na- 
tive habitat,  in  order  to  pick  out  what  is  wanted.  The 
surface  is  often  so  crowded  with  Salpae,  for  instance,  that 
the  net  gets  clogged  with  them,  and  a  person  in  search  of 
anything  else  cannot  use  the  net  to  advantage. 

If  the  sea  is  very  smooth,  very  small  animals  can  be  de- 
tected by  the  eye  from  the  boat.  I  have  used  a  water-glass 
with  advantage.  The  fishermen  in  Villa  Franca,  southern 
France,  carry  a  bottle  of  oil  in  the  boat  and  use  oil  to 
quiet  the  surface.  A  blackened  plate  of  tin,  lowered  in 
the  water,  renders  it  possible  to  detect  very  small  animals 
in  the  water  above  it.  When  once  detected,  it  is  not  dif- 
ficult to  capture  the  animal  with  glass  dishes  or  hand  nets. 

c.     Places  for  collecting  surface  animals. 
The  best  localities  must  be  learned  from  observation. 
Tide  eddies  are  favorable  points,  and  the  water  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  floating  masses  of  seaweed  is  sometimes  crowded 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  11 

with  life.  The  time  of  day  seems  not  to  matter  but  the  tide 
is  a  great  factor.  At  low  tide  we  expect  littoral,  at  high  tide 
pelagic  animals.  At  night  conditions  are  favorable  at  about 
half-past  eight  when  the  sea  appears  calm.  Calm  weather 
is  a  desideratum,  and  a  glassy  calm  is  a  very  favorable  op- 
portunity. 

In  night-fishing  an  incandescent  electric  light  may  be 
hung  at  the  mouth  of  the  net  to  attract  animals.  The  color 
of  the  phosphorescence  corresponding  to  different  animals 
must  be  learned  by  experience. 

III.    COELENTERATA. 

The  animals  of  this  group  have  a  great  variety  of  ex- 
ternal outlines,  but  several  common  anatomical  likenesses. 
In  their  simplest  form  the  bodies  consist  of  a  simple  gelat- 
inous bag,  fixed  to  the  ground  or  free-swimming.  There 
is  an  opening  called  the  mouth  at  one  pole,  while  the  whole 
cavity  of  the  sac  serves  as  a  stomach  or  is  in  free  commu- 
nication with  the  exterior  medium  through  the  mouth-open- 
ing. In  most  of  these  animals  the  body  cavity  is  continu- 
ous with  the  stomach.  In  many  there  is  no  body  cavity 
except  the  stomach,  a  characteristic  which  has  given  the 
name  of  Coelenterata  to  the  group. 

Rising  higher  than  the  simple  sac,  whose  walls  serve 
as  the  linings  of  a  stomach  and  whose  opening  is  a  mouth, 
we  pass  to  those  where  thread-like  organs  called  tentacles, 
which  serve  to  capture  food,  are  placed  in  a  ring  about  the 
mouth,  and  higher  still  to  those  where  portions  of  the  body 
walls  are  inflated  into  a  bell-like  structure  for  locomotion. 
Here  Ave  find  added  also  sense  capsules  and  complicated 
sucker-like  oral  appendages,  the  modifications  in  which 
will  be  more  minutely  described  in  considering  the  differ- 
ent genera.  These  organs  generally  take  a  radial  arrange- 


12  CCELENTEBATA    AND 

nient  about  the  polar  mouth  opening.  It  was  that  radial 
symmetry  which  Cuvier  first  recognized  and  which  led 
him  to  unite  these  animals  with  others  in  the  group  of  lln- 
diata. 

The  Coelenterata  include  the  Medusae  and  Actinias.  While 
these  animals  have  much  in  common  in  their  anatomical 
structure,  their  external  resemblances  are  oftentimes  very 
distant.  Compare,  for  instance,  the  filmy,  gelatinous 
body  of  the  jellyfish  and  the  hard,  stony  coral  as  we  see 
it  in  our  museums.  Yet  the  calcareous  and  other  hard 
secretions  of  the  body  of  the  coral  once  removed,  the  soft 
parts  which  remain  betray  anatomical  peculiarities  of  the 
stomach  and  body  cavity  already  mentioned,  and  therefore 
close  resemblances  to  jelly-fishes. 

The  Coelenterata  are  divided  into  the  Hydrozoa,  Cteno- 
phora  and  the  Actinozoa.  The  two  former  groups,  known 
as  the  jelly-fishes,  are  well  represented  by  their  larvae  in 
the  surface  waters  of  New  England,  while  only  a  few  forms 
of  the  latter  occur,  or  come  within  the  scope  of  this  ac- 
count. While  the  larvae  of  some  Actinozoa  inhabit  the 
surface  waters,  there  are  few  genera  in  Narragansett  Bay 
as  compared  with  the  other  groups. 

CLASS  I.     HYDKOZOA  AND  CTENOPIIORA. 

{Jelly-fishes.') 

These  animals  have  hyaline,  gelatinous  bodies  ;  live  soli- 
tary or  united  in  colonies;  bodies  bell-shaped,  tubular, 
mushroom-like,  cup-shaped,  or  resembling  a  floating  bag 
or  disk.  "When  bell-shaped,  a  fleshy  protuberance  of 
folded  membrane  hangs  down  from  the  under  side  and 
serves  as  the  stomach.  The  centre  of  the  body  is  occu- 
pied by  a  cavity  out  of  which  slender  tubes  or  vessels  ra- 
diate to  the  bell- margin.  These  vessels  may  be  united  by 
a  circular  tube  about  the  periphery  or  may  end  blindly 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  13 

near  the  rim.  They  sometimes  pass  directly  from  centre 
to  rim,  at  other  times  subdivide,  bifurcate  and  coalesce. 
Different  tubes  in  the  same  bell  may  have  a  straight  or  a 
tortuous,  or  a  marginal  course.  The  movement  of  a  nutri- 
tive fluid  in  the  tubes  can  be  seen  through  the  bell-walls. 
Bell-cavity  present  or  wanting.  When  present,  it  is  some- 
times partly  closed  at  its  entrance  by  a  washer-like  body 
called  the  velum. 

The  bell  margin  of  the  Hydrozoa  is  either  entirely  cre- 
nated,  slightly  notched  or  scalloped.  Small,  transparent 
cells,  the  sense  capsules,  otocysts,  with  enclosed  calcareous 
grains  called  otoliths,  are  commonly  present.  The  number 
and  structure  of  these  organs  vary  in  different  genera.  In 
the  Hydrozoa,  when  present  they  are  placed  around  the 
bell  margin  and  their  number  is  from  four  to  sixteen ;  in 
the  Ctenophora  there  is,  in  the  adult,  a  single  polar  sense 
capsule.  The  sense-capsules  of  the  former  group  are  par- 
tially covered  on  the  upper  side  by  a  small,  gelatinous  lap- 
pet which  is  called  the  "  hood."  Jelly  fishes  which  have  a 
hood  are  called  the  "  hooded-eyed" ;  those  without,  the 
"  naked-eyed"  Medusae. 

Small,  thread-like  bodies,  called  tentacles,  varying  in 
number  and  size,  hang  down  sijgly  or  in  clusters  from  the 
under  side  of  the  body  at  or  near  the  bell-margin.  In 
those  genera  (Ctenophora)  which  have  a  single  polar  sense 
capsule  opposite  the  mouth,  there  are  either  two  long  ten- 
tacles with  side  branches  with  numerous  smaller  body  fil- 
aments, or  these  structures  may  be  wholly  wanting. 

These  animals  are  generally  small,  transparent,  phos- 
phorescent in  darkness  when  the  water  is  agitated.  Many 
are  highly  colored.  Water  forms  the  great  mass  of  the 
body  substance.  Their  larval  forms  are  among  the  most 
abundant  animals  found  on  the  surface  of  the  ocean.  The 
Hydrozoa  are  classified  as  follows  : 

Order  I.     Hydroida.     Bell-shaped  bodies,  without  flap 


14  COELENTERATA    AND 

(hood)  over  the  sense  capsules  and  with  or  without  mar- 
ginal sense  bodies;  with  bell-cavity,  the  entrance  into 
which  is  partially  closed  by  a  velum. 

Order  II.  Tracliymedusoz.  Bell-shaped,  often  disk- 
like  bodies.  Four  or  eight  sense  capsules  with  or  without 
hood.  Bell-cavity  with  velum. 

Order  111.  iSipJtonopJtora.  Tubular  or  bag-like  bod- 
ies. Many  individuals  of  different  shape  and  function 
united  in  a  colony.  With  or  without  bell-shape  and  ge- 
latinous appendages.  When  present,  these  resemble  those 
of  Hydroida. 

Order  IV.  Acraspeda.  Disk-shaped  bodies  with  four, 
eight  or  sixteen  marginal  sense-capsules.  No  bell-cavity. 
No  velum. 

Order  V.  CtenopJiora.  Single  polar  sense-capsule  with- 
out hood.  Locomotion  by  means  of  eight  meridional 
rows  of  vibratile  flappers  on  outside  of  body. 

Order  I.     Hydroida  (free) . 

A.     Without  sense  capsules  ;  sexual  organs  never  free 
from  the  base  of  the  proboscis. 
I.   Tubes  four,  unbranchcd. 

No  tentacles Pennaria. 

One  tentacle Hybocodon. 

Two  tentacles Stomatoca. 

Dinernatella. 
Four  tentacles Sarsia. 

Dipurena. 

Ectopleura. 

Zan,clea. 
More  than  four  single  tentacles.     Turns. 

Dysmorpliosa. 

Stmirophora. 

Calicopsiis. 

Modeeria. 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  15 

Four  clusters  of  tentacles       .     .     Nemopsis. 
Eight  clusters  of  tentacles       .      .     Lizzia. 

II.  Tubes  four,  branched     ....     Willia. 

III.  Tubes  eight,  unbranched       .     .     Melicertum. 

Mabella. 

B.     With  sense  capsules  ;  sexual  organs  suspended  from 
radial  tubes. 

I.  Tubes  four,  unbranched. 

a.  Stomach  without  peduncle. 

Tentacles  numerous,  without  smaller  basal 
"  spurs." 

Obelia. 
Oceania. 
Clytia. 

Tentacles  numerous,  with  basal  "spurs." 

Eucheilota. 

b.  Stomach  with  peduncle. 

Tima. 
Eutima. 

II.  Tubes  numerous. 

Zygodactyla. 

A.  I. 

Pennaria.  Bell  ovate ;  tubes  four,  broad.  Tentacles 
slight  projections  of  the  bell-margin  at  the  junction  of  the 
radial  and  circular  tubes. 

P.  gibbosa.1 

Hybocodon.  Bell  globose,  asymmetrical.  Tubes  four, 
slender.  Single  tentacle  generally  with  a  cluster  of  bud- 
ding Medusae  at  its  base. 

H.  prolifer. 


Authorities  for  specific  names  are  given  in  the  index  at  the  end  of  the  paper. 


16 


CXELENTERATA    AND 


Stomatoca.     Bell  oval,  with  tall,  conical,  apical  projec- 
tion.   Tubes  four,  broad,  often  with  jagged  edges.    Tenta- 


STOMATOCA. 
YOUNG   DINEMATELLA. 
YOUNG  LIZZIA. 


DINEMATELLA. 
YOUNG  TIM  A. 

CALICOP8I8. 


cles  two,  opposite,  long,  very  flexible.     Their  bases  have  a 
claret-red  color.     Proboscis  trumpet-shaped,  swollen  near 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW   ENGLAND. 


17 


the  bell.     Lips  flange-like,  extending  barely  outside  the 
bell-opening. 

/S.  apicata. 

Dinematella.  Bell  ovate,  with  tall,  conical,  apical  pro- 
jection in  which  is  found  a  cavity  shaped  like  the  frus- 
trum  of  a  cone,  and  which  is  in  free  communication  with 


that  of  the  proboscis.  Tubes  four,  with  jagged  edges, 
broad.  Tentacles  two,  opposite,  long,  flexible.  On  the 
bell-rim  between  the  long  tentacles  are  situated  small  ten- 
tacular processes  with  pigment  spots.  Proboscis  large, 
swollen  at  base,  light-cream  color. 

D.  cavosa. 

ESSEX   INST.    BULLETIN,   VOL.    XXIII  2 


18  COELENTERATA    AND 

jSarsia.1  Bell  oval.  Tubes  four.  Tentacles -marginal, 
four,  long,  flexible,  each  with  a  single  bright  red  pigment 
spot  on  under  side  of  base  at  the  extremities  of  the  ves- 
sels. Proboscis  very  long,  highly  contractile  ;  when  ex- 
panded the  extremity  reaches  far  outside  the  entrance  into 
the  bell-cavity.  Lips  simple,  ovaries  inconspicuous. 

jS.  inirabilis. 

Dipurena.  Bell  half  egg-shnped.  Tubes  slender,  four. 
Four  stiff,  short  tentacles  with  an  enlarged  club-shaped 
distal  extremity.  Eye-spot  at  the  basal  end.  Proboscis 
very  long,  with  large  swellings  crowded  with  ova  in  fe- 
male. Lips  simple. 

D.  strangulata. 


DIPURENA. 

Ectopleura.  Bell  ovate  with  a  slight  apical  projection. 
Tubes  four.  Eight  rows  of  lasso-cells  arranged  on  the 
outer  wall  of  the  bell  in  pairs,  each  pair  arising  from  the 
base  of  a  tentacle  and  extending  to  the  apex  of  the  bell. 
Tentacles  four,  generally  coiled  about  their  origin  at  the 
bell  rim.  Each  tentacle  in  adult  with  clusters  of  lasso-cells 
at  intervals  in  its  length.  Proboscis  two-thirds  the  height 
of  the  bell  cavity.  Lips  simple. 

E.  ochracea. 

Closely  related  to  this  is  the  free  form  of  Hydrichthys  which  is  attached  to  wall 
of  fish  Seriola  zonata. 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  19 

Zanclea.  Bell  oval,  with  slight  apical  prominence. 
Tubes  four.  Tentacles  four,  each  with  lateral  branches 
formed  of  a  small  pedunculated  cluster  of  cells.  Proboscis 
extends  to  opening  into  the  bell-cavity.  Bell  walls  with 
cluster  of  lasso-cells  above  the  origin  of  the  tentacles  from 
the  margin. 

Z.  gemmosa. 


YOUNG  TURRIS.  TURRIS. 

OTOCYST  OF  EUTIMA.  EUTIMA. 

Turns.      Bell   mitre-shaped,   with  apical  prominence. 
Tubes  four.     Tentacles  numerous  and  of  two  kinds.     The 


20  CCELENTERATA   AND 

longer  bear  eye-spots  at  their  very  origin  from  the  bell- 
margin ;  the  latter  from  a  point  a  little  above  the  rim. 
Proboscis  large,  swollen  at  the  base.  Mouth  trumpet- 
shaped.  Lips  complicated. 

T.  episcopalis. 

Dysmorphosa.  Bell  ovate  with  slight  apical  promi- 
nence. Tubes  four.  Tentacles  numerous.  Proboscis 
of  medium  size,  with  four  spherical  ovaries  at  base.  Lips 
have  a  "  frosted  appearance  "  on  account  of  the  clusters  of 
lasso-cells. 

D.  fulgurans. 

This  genus  is  said  to  occur  in  New  England.  See  A. 
Agassiz,  "Sea  Side  Studies."  I  have  never  collected  it. 

Staurophora.  Bell  disk-shaped,  cream  colored,  with  flex- 
ible walls.  Tubes,  four.  Tentacle  numerous,  so  crowded 
together  that  their  bases  at  the  union  with  the  bell  margin 
touch  each  other.  Tentacles  short,  flexible,  with  single 
eye-spot  at  union  with  bell-rim.  In  addition  to  tentacles, 
small  club-shaped  bodies  likewise. arise  from  bell  rim. 
Ovaries  depend  in  part  from  the  tubes  in  that  halt  nearest 
the  proboscis  apd  from  the  proboscis. 

S.  laciniata. 

Calicopsis.  Bell  ovate  or  globose.  Tubes,  four,  Numer- 
ous short  tentacles.  Four  ovaries  at  base  of  proboscis. 
Lips  with  four  clusters  of  lasso-cells  which  impart  a  "frosted 
appearance"  to  them. 

C.  typa. 

Modeeria.  Bell  mitre-shaped  with  apical  projection, 
and  thin  walls.  Tubes  four,  broad,  with  jagged  edges. 
Tentacles  numerous,  flexible.  Proboscis  long,  inueh 
swollen  at  the  base.  Lips  simple. 

J\f.  miiltitentacula. 

Nemopsis.  Bell  oval.  Tubes,  four,  broad.  Tentacles 
in  four  clusters,  each  cluster  situated  at  the  union  of  radial 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND. 


21 


tubes  and  bell  margin  where  there  is  a  tentacular  bulb 
with  a  row  of  pigment  spots.  Ovaries  from  tubes  and 
proboscis.  Proboscis  short,  with  four  oral  dendritic  ten- 
tacles. 

N.  BacJiei. 

Lizzia.     Bell  oval  with  apical  projection  and  lower  wall 
thin.     Tubes,  four.     Eight  clusters  of  tentacles  from  the 


ZANCI.EA. 

YOUNG  CALYCOPSIS. 


MODEKRIA. 

LIZZIA. 


bell-rim.  Four  of  these  have  five  tentacles  in  each  cluster 
and  arise  from  the  margin  of  the  bell  near  the  radial  tubes 
and  the  remainder  of  three  each  alternate  with  these. 
Proboscis  short,  generally  with  budding  young  on  its  side;*, 
with  a  quadrate  mouth,  each  angle  of  which  bears  two 
clusters  of  lasso-ceils. 

L.  ocfopuncfata. 


22 


CGELENTERATA   AND 


A.  II. 

Willia.  Bell  disk-like  with  small  clusters  of  lasso-cells 
at  intervals  on  the  external  walls.  Tubes  branched,  four 
at  origin  from  the  proboscis. 

W.  ornata. 
A.  III. 

Tubes    eight.      Tentacles 


eight. 
Proboscis  small  with  lateral 


Mabella.      Bell  globose, 
numerous,  short,  flexible, 
buds. 

M.  gracilis. 

Melicerlum.  Bell  oval,  tall,  mitre-shaped.  Tubes 
eight.  Tentacles  numerous,  long  and  very  flexible.  Pro- 
boscis with  complicated  lips. 


Tubes  with  ovaries  along 


their  whole  length. 


M.  campanula. 


MELICERTUM. 

£.  I,  a. 

Obetia.  Body  disk-shaped,  transparent,  colorless. 
Sense-capsules  with  numerous  otoliths,  arranged  at  irreg- 
ular intervals  about  the  bell  rim.  Numerous  rigid  tenta- 
cles. Four  tubes.  Ovaries  spherical,  pendent  from  the 
tubes.  The  bell  o  ten  reversed,  and  turned  in  such  a 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW    ENGLAND. 


23 


manner  that  the  proboscis  appears  to  arise  from  its  con- 
vex side.     Velum  narrow. 

0.  gelalinosa. 

Clytia.  Bell  disk-shaped,  transparent,  colorless.  Tubes 
four.  Tentacles  numerous.  Sense-capsules,  eight.  Ten- 
tacular bases  thickly  pigmented.  Proboscis  short,  lips 
simple. 

C.  bicophora. 


STAUROPHORA.          LIRIOPE. 


Oceania.  Bell,  very  flexible,  disk-shaped,  transparent, 
and  moves  with  a  languid  motion.  Four  tubes  with  elon- 
gated ovaries.  Tentacles  numerous,  thread-like,  flexible. 
Proboscis  short.  Ovaries  found  on  the  peripheral  two- 
thirds  of  the  radial  tubes. 

O.  languida. 


24 


CCELENTERATA   AND 


EucJieilota.  Bell  disk-shaped,  flexible,  transparent. 
Tubes  four.  Ovaries  spherical,  hanging  from  the  tubes. 
Sense-capsules,  eight.  Tentacles  of  two  kinds,  eight  long, 


YOUNG  EUCHEILOTA. 


EUCHEILOTA. 


and  sixteen  small ;  shorter  called  spurs.     Each  long  ten- 
tacle has  a  pair  of  spurs.     Tentacular  bulbs  pigmented. 

E.  ventricular  is. 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND. 


25 


B.  I,  b. 

Tima.  Bell  hemispherical  with  thick  walls.  Tubes 
four.  Tentacles,  numerous,  long,  flexible.  Ovaries  rib- 
bon-shaped on  the  tubes.  Sense-bodies,  numerous. 
Stomach  mounted  on  a  transparent  peduncle.  Lips,  four- 
parted,  margin  with  clusters  of  lasso-cells. 

T.  Bairdii. 


MABELLA. 


SPH^ERULA. 

SKCTOR  OF  ZYGODACTYLA. 

YOUNG  ZYGODACTYLA. 


Eutima.  Bell  oval,  with  thin  walls,  flexible.  Tubes 
four.  Tentacles  of  two  kinds  ;  four  long  at  extremity  of 
the  tubes  ;  pairs  of  small  tentacles  at  intervals  about  the  bell 
margin.  These  latter  also  accompany  the  long  tentacles 
and  may  be  called  spurs.  Stomach  mounted  on  a  slender 

ESSEX   INST.    BULLETIN,    VOL.    XXIII  2* 


26  CCELENTERATA    AND 

peduncle  which  extends  far  outside  the  bell  opening.  Lips 
quadrate.  Ovaries  ribbon-like  on  tubes  and  base  of  pe- 
duncle. 

E.  gracilis. 

B.  II. 

Zygodactyla.  Bell  disk-shaped,  cream  colored,  also 
pinkish.  Tubes  numerous  with  ribbon-shaped  ovaries. 
Tentacles  numerous,  short,  very  flexible,  generally  coiled. 
Sense-capsules  numerous.  Proboscis  finger-like  folds  of  a 
delicate  membrane  which  seldom  closes  forming  the  mouth 
opening.  Rows  of  small  tubercles  on  the  walls  of  the 
bell-cavity  between  the  chymiferous  tubes. 

Z.  Groenlandica. 

free-swimming  larvae. 
A.I. 

Pennaria  gibbosa.  The  young  Pennari-a  closely  re- 
sembles the  adult.  This  stage  is  rarely  found  free-swim- 
ming on  the  surface,  although  if  a  colony  of  the  hydroids 
be  kept  in  a  glass  jar  for  a  short  time,  the  buds  if  mature 
easily  drop  off  and  swim  away. 

Hybocodon  prolifer.  The  larvae  of  this  medusa  can  best 
be  studied  by  a  comparison  of  the  different  medusa  buds 
found  on  the  tentacular  bulb  of  the  adult.  Free  forms  are 
extremely  rare  and  after  they  attain  the  stage  when  they 
separate,  their  resemblances  to  the  adult  are  very  close. 

tStomatoca  apicata.  Larva  like  adult  with  tall  bell  which, 
however,  is  destitute  of  apical  prominence.  Tubes  four, 
broad.  Tentacles,  two,  opposite,  long,  very  flexible.  No 
little  tentacular  projections  on  the  bell-rim  between  the 
tentacles.  Proboscis  shorter  than  in  adult,  extending  to 
the  bell  opening. 

Dinematella  cavosa.  Larva  without  apical  projection 
on  bell  apex.  Cavity  at  base  of  the  proboscis  small,  want- 


ECHINODERMATA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND.         27 

ing.     Small  finger-like  projections    on    the   bell  margin 
wanting.     Color  of  larva  like  that  of  adult. 

Sarsia  mirabilis.     Larva  resembles  adult. 

Dipurena  strangulala.     Larva  not  studied. 

Ectopleura  ochracea.     Larva  like  adult. 

Zandeagemmosa.  Bell  ovate  without  apical  prominence. 
Tubes  four.  Tentacles  two,  each  with  numerous  lateral 
branches.  In  some  young  forms  the  two  additional  bud- 
ding tentacles  are  seen.  Bell  with  clusters  of  thread  cells 
as  in  adult. 

Tarris  episcopalis.     Larva  with  characters  of  adult. 

Dt/smorphosafulgurans.     Larva  not  observed. 

StauropJiora  laciniala.     Larva  like  adult. 

Calicopsis  typa.     Larva  like  adult. 

Modeeria  multitentaculata.     Larva  not  observed . 

JVemopsis  Hachei.  Larva  has  few  tentacles  in  each 
cluster.  Dendritic  labial  branches  less  complicated. 

Lizzia  octopunctata.  Larval  forms  of  Lizzia  in  all  stages 
of  growth  found  on  the  sides  of  the  proboscis.  The  young 
can  be  studied  from  these  buds.  1.  Youngest  bud  has 
single  tentacle  at  each  end  of  the  radial  tubes  and  single 
intermediary  tentacle.  2.  The  next  oldest  has  a  cluster 
of  three  tentacles  at  end  of  each  tube  and  three  interme- 
diary in  cluster.  3.  Oldest  with  five  tentacles  at  the  end 
of  each  tube  with  three  in  intermediary  clusters.  The 
stages  2  and  3  are  free,  and  have  rudiments  of  the  second 
generation  of  buds  on  the  outside  of  proboscis.  The  very 
immature  buds  also  found  in  younger  stages  have  half 
formed  probosces. 

A.  II. 

Willia  ornata.  Larva  with  four  tentacles  one  at  each 
end  of  the  four  unbranched  tubes.  Alternating  with  these 
on  the  bell  walls  a  small  cluster  of  nematocysts.  Apical 
tube  visible. 


28  CCELENTERATA    AND 

A.  III. 

Mabella  gracilis.     Larva  not  observed. 
Melicerlum  campanula.     Larva  like  the  adult. 

B.  I,  a. 

Obelia  diophana.     Larva  like  adult. 

Glytia  bicophora.  Larva  in  youngest  form  with  two 
tentacles  opposite  each  other  and  eight  otocysts. 

Oceania  languida.  Larva  in  youngest  form  with  two 
opposite  tentacles,  four  otocysts.  Proboscis  small,  incon- 
spicuous. 

Eucheilota  ventricularis.     Larva  like  adult. 

B.  I,  6. 

Tima  Bairdii.      Larva  like  adult.      Tentacles   short, 
numerous.     Proboscis  small.     Otocysts  like  adult. 
Eutima  gracilis.     Larva  not  observed. 

B.  II. 

Zygodactyla  Grcenlandica.  Larva  in  youngest  form 
found  with  four  tubes,  four  tentacles.  Numerous  otocysts. 
Next  oldest  larva  has  four  complete  tubes  and  four  addi- 
tional tubes  extending  half  way  from  junction  of  probos- 
cis and  bell  margin. 

Order  I.     Hydroida  (attached). 

Many  of  the  jelly-fishes  originate  as  buds  from  an  at- 
tached zoophyte  known  as  a  hydroid.  To  become  familiar 
with  the  different  forms  of  the  young  of  the  Hydrozoa,  it 
is  necessary  to  be  able  to  identify  these  animals. 

The  lixed  hydroids  are  algae-like  organisms,  simple  or 
branching,  with  soft  or  hard  axis.  They  are  solitary  or 
social,  and  give  rise  to  medusae  by  budding  or  by  proc- 
esses resembling  fission. 


ECHINODERMATA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND.         29 

Athecata.1 
Without  thecae  for  hydranth  or  sexual  bodies. 

A.  Forming  calcareous  encrustations.     .  Hydractinia. 

B.  Erect,  plant-like,  not  parasitic. 

I.  Solitary. 

a.  Tentacles    capitate,    scattered    over   the 

body Acaulis. 

b.  Tentacles  filiform,  in  two  circles. 

Corymorpha. 

II.  Associated. 

a.  Tentacles  of  one  kind. 

Tentacles  capitate  in  single  whorl. 

Clavatelia. 
Tentacles  filiform. 

a.  Two  separate  rings  of    tentacles 

with  free  medusae.    Ectopleura. 

b.  Two    tentacular    circles    without 

medusas        .     .     .     Tubularia. 

c.  Scattered,  with  hydranth  on  branch 

of  stem    ....     Tubiclava. 

b.  Tentacles    in     single    verticil,    without 

bosses. 

Polyps  sessile       .     .     .     Podocoryne. 
Polyps  on  stem,   with  trumpet-shaped 
proboscis    ....     Eudendrium. 
Hydranth  without  covering,  Avith  coni- 
cal proboscis.     Gonophores  on  ccen- 
osarc. 

a.  Arborescent  .     .     Bougainvillia. 

b.  Small,  simple  habit. 

Perigonemus. 


>Th«c»,*or;cnpS  surrounding  the  hydranth  or  stomach  with  a  crown  of  tentacles 
about  a  mouth.  Athecata;  a,  0>jKa,  without  a  cup.  Thecaphora;  0rjKa-<f>e'pw,  cup 
bearing. 


30  CCELENTERATA   AND 

b.  Tentacles  of  two  kinds. 

Upper,  capitate;  lower,  rigid  in  single 
verticils  .  .  .  .  .  Cladonema. 

Upper,  capitate  ;  lower,  filiform  in  sev- 
eral verticils  .  .  .  Stauridium. 

c.  Tentacles  in  several  whorls. 

Capitate  without  free  medusae. 

Coryne. 
Capitate  with  free  medusae. 

Syncoryne. 
C.     Parasitic  on  Seriola  zonata  (osseous  fish). 

Hydrichthys. 

No  tentacles,  two  kinds  of  individuals.   Hydroicl  reduced 
to  a  botryoiclal  cluster  of  medusa). 

Thecaphora. 

Hydroids  with  hydranth  and  sexual  bodies  enclosed  in 
a  cup. 

A.     Calycles1  erect  and  free,  hydranths  retractile. 

I.  Calycles  supported  on  a  short  process  from 

the  stem  ;  hydranths  partially  retractile. 
With  tentacular  organs  over  the  coenosarc. 

Ophiodes. 

Without  tentacular  organs  over  the  ccenosarc. 

Halecium. 

II.  Calycles  bell-shnped. 

a.  Operculated Lovenella. 

b.  Non-operculated. 

Clytia. 

Obelia. 

Campanularia. 

Thaumantias. 

Gonothyraaa. 

JCui)-like  structures,  hydrothecae,  in  which  the  hydranths  are  protected. 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  31 

III.  Calycles  not  bell-shaped. 

«.  Calycles  conical,  long     .     Campanulina. 

b.  Calycles  with    conical    operculum,   con- 

stricted at  base ;  pedicellate. 

Calycella. 

c.  Sessile  ;  not  constricted  at  the  base. 

Cuspidella. 

d.  Calycles     without     conical    operculnm, 

scattered Lafcea. 

B.   Calycles    adnate,    disposed    along    the    stem   and 
branches. 
I.   Without  nematophores.1 

a.  Calycles  cylindrical  and  disposed  on  all 

sides  of  stem Salacia. 

b.  Calycles  on  creeping  stem   (not  erect). 

Filellum. 

c.  Calycles  in  two  series. 

1.  Alternate,  with^operculum. 

Sertularella. 

2.  Without  operculum. 

a.  Gonothecse  with  cleft  margin 

and  internal  marsupium. 

Diphasia. 

b.  Orifice  of  gonotheca,    plane ; 

no  internal  marsupium. 

With  verticillate  branches.  Sertularia. 

Without  verticillate  branches. 

Antennularia. 

1.  With  mesial  nematophore  attached  to  part 

of  calycle.  Aglaophenia. 

2.  Without  mesial  nematophore. 

Plumularia. 


JSmall  cup-shaped  structure  resembling  small  calycles  in  which  a  protoplasmic 
thread-like  body  is  found,  and  Irom  the  inner  base  of  which  it  arises. 


32 


CCELENTERATA   AND 


VIEW  OF  ANTERIOR  END 
OF  ACAULIS,  SHOWING  TEM- 
PORARY TENTACLES  tt. 


ADULT  ACAULIS.  rt,  TERMINAL  OPENING  OF  THE  BODY— THE  INTERIOR  OF  THIS 
BODY  IS  "DARK  REDDISH  PURPLE;"  &,  CENTRAL,  PURPLE-COLORED  BODY  WALL; 
C,  SMALL  PAPILLJE— THESE,  AS  WELL  AS  THE  EXTERNAL  BODY  WALL,  ARE  LIGHT 

PINK;  d,  RIDGKS  OR  FOLDS  IN  THE  EXTERNAL  WALLS  OF  THE  BODY,  OF  A  "WHITE 
COLOR;"  e,  TERMINAL  CONTINUATION  (UNATTACHED)  OF  THE  BODY  OF  THE  YOUNG 
ACAULIS;  g,  GONOPHORES— THE  INTERIOR  OF  TIIESK  CLUSTERS  is  DARK  PURPLE, 
THE  EXTERIOR,  WHITE  GRANULAR;  tf,  PERMANENT  TENTACLES— "SUCTORIAL  TEN- 
TACLES;" tt,  TEMPORARY  TENTACLES. 


ECHINODERMATA   OF   NEW    ENGLAND.  33 

A. 

Hydractinia.  Clavate  sessile  filiform  tentacles  from  a 
conical  proboscis  from  the  ccenosarc.  Naked  polypary. 
Some  polypites  are  partially  developed  and  bear  spheri- 
cal clusters  of  thread  cells.  No  medusas.  Found  on  shell 
inhabited  by  Eupagurus,  or  on  floating  woodj  spiles,  etc. 

H.  echinata. 

B. 

Acaulis.  Solitary,  cylindrical,  terminated  above  in  a 
conical  proboscis.  Adherent.  Tentacles  scattered,  small 
over  whole  body.  Gonophores  clustered  about  base. 

A.  primarius. 

Corymorpha.  Polypite  solitary,  in  delicate  sheath. 
Two  sets  of  filiform  tentacles.  Oral  tentacles  in  several 
verticils  placed  close  together.  Prominent  proboscis. 
Roots  attached  in  sand. 

C.  nutans. 

Ectopleura.  Stem  delicate,  slightly  branched.  Twenty- 
four  oral ;  thirty  lower  tentacles.  Medusse  developed  be- 
tween the  two  series. 

E.  ochracea. 

B.  II.  b. 

Tubularia.  Stem  simple  and  branched,  rooted  by  a  fil- 
iform stolon  with  inverted  polypary.  Filiform  tentacles 
in  two  whorls.  Gonophores  on  peduncles  between  two 
whorls  of  tentacles.  Young  has  an  actinula  form. 

T.  indivisa. 

Clava.  Clavate,  tentacles  smooth,  sheathed  in  chiti- 
nous  polypary.  Buds  borne  in  clusters.  No  medusae.  On 
Fucus. 

C.  leptostyla. 

Tubidava.     Erect  stem    with   branches    and   creeping 

ESSEX  INST.    BULLETIN,  VOL.    XXIII.  3 


34 


CXELENTERATA    AND 


stolon.     Sheathed  in  chitinous  polypary.     Buds  in  clus- 
ters below  lower  tentacles.     No  medusse. 

T.  cornucopice. 

Podocoryne.     Ccenosarc  thick  network  ;  polypary  forms 
a  continuous  crust  which  forms  a  small  cup-like  invest- 


TUBULARIA. 


CORYMORPHA. 


CLAVA. 


ment  round  the  base  of  poly  pi  tes.  Single  verticil  of  ten- 
tacles. Gonophores  borne  below  the  tentacles.  Free  me- 
dusse.  Gonosome  bell-shaped.  Short  manubrium  with 
oral  tufts  of  thread  cells.  P.  cornea. 

Eudendrium.  Stem  branched  with  creeping  stolon. 
Chitinous  perisarc.  Hydranths  borne  at  the  end  of 
branches,  vase-shaped.  Single  verticil  of  filiform  tentac- 
ula.  Gonophores  from  polypites  below  the  tentacles  or 
from  the  stem  with  fixed  sporosacs. 

E.  dispar. 

ramosum. 

rameum. 

cingulatum. 

capillare. 

tenue. 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW   ENGLAND.  35 

Perigonemus.  Ccenosarc  chitinous.  Stem  branching 
with  thread-like  stolon.  Single  verticil  of  tentacles  ;  gon- 
ophores  developed  from  coenosarc. 

Medusa,  Stomatoca. 

Bougainvillia.  Stem  branched,  rooted  by  filiform 
stolon.  Coenosarc  with  chitinous  covering.  Single  circle 
of  tentacles  round  base  of  conical  proboscis. 

Medusa,  Nemopsis  and  Bougainvillia. 

JV.  Bachei. 
B.  superciliaris. 

Cladonema.  Stem  simple,  slightly  branched.  Four 
capitate,  tuberculate  tentacles,  from  false  tentacles  which 
are  stiff,  and  rounded  at  the  extremities. 

C.  radiatum. 

Stauridium.  Creeping  stolons,  stem  simple.  Four 
whorls  of  cruciforrnly  arranged  tentacles,  which  are  rigid, 
extending  at  right  angle  to  the  body. 

Syncoryne.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  rooted  stolon 
wholy  covered  in  tube.  Medusa  is  Sarsia. 

S.  mirabilis. 

C. 

Hydrichthys.  Parasitic  on  body  walls  of  a  fish.  No 
tentacles  ;  no  terminal  mouth  opening.  Sexual  clusters, 
botryoidal. 

H.  mirus. 

Tkecaphora. 

A. 

Ophiodes.  Stem,  branching,  base  enclosed  in  cup  ;  sto- 
lon root-like ;  non-retractile  hydranths  which  are  divided 
by  a  constriction  into  two  regions.  Webbed  tentacles  in 
a  single  verticil. 

0.  mirabilis. 


36  CCELENTERATA    AND 

Halecium.  Plant-like,  branched,  rooted  by  creeping 
stolon.  Hydrothecse  biserial,  tubular,  bell-shaped,  sub- 
sessile,  jointed  to  short  lateral  process.  Hydranth  par- 
tially retractile.  Fixed  sporosacs. 

H.  gracile. 

Lovenella.  Stem  simple,  branched,  thread-like  stolon. 
Hydrotheca  turbinate,  elongate,  crowned  with  a  conical 
operculum. 

L.  gracilis. 

Clytia.     Stem    simple,    branched   slightly.      Creeping 
stolon.     Hydrothecse  bell-shaped.     No  operculum.     Hy- 
dranths  with  large  trumpet-shaped  proboscis.     Medusae  on 
stolon  and  stem. 
Medusa,  Clytia. 

C.  Johnstoni. 

Obelia.  Stem  branching,  plant-like,  creeping  stolon. 
Bell-shaped.  No  operculum.  Gonothecse  on  stem  and 
branches. 

0.  gelatinosa. 
commiwrdlis. 

Campanularia.  Stem  simple,  branched,  filiform  stolon. 
Hydrothecae  bell-shaped.  No  operculum.  Hyaline.  Hy- 
dranths  with  cup-shaped  proboscis. 

Gonophores  fixed  sporosacs,  which  mature  in  the  cap- 
sule. 

(7.  caliculata. 

Thaumantias.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  rooted  to 
thread-like  stolon.  Calycles  campanulate,  with  funnel- 
shaped  proboscis. 

Gonothyrcea.  Stem  erect  branching,  thread-like  stolon. 
Hydrothecse  bell-shaped,  transparent.  Proboscis  promi- 
nent, contractile. 

G.  tennis. 
Campanulina,    Stem  slender,  annulated.    Calycles  thin, 


ECHINODERMATA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND.         37 

membranous,  pointed,  produced.    Hydranths  with  webbed 
tentacles. 

C.  acuminata. 

Leptoscyphus.  Stem  simple  or  branching,  attached  by 
a  thread-like  stolon.  Hydrothecse  with  operculum  com- 
posed of  convergent  segments.  Hydranths  cylindrical 
with  medusiform  zooids. 

Medusa,  Lizzia  grata? 

Lafoea.  Stem  simple,  creeping  tubular  fibre,  or  erect 
and  composed  of  many  aggregated  tubes  rooted  by  a  fili- 
form stolon.  Hydrothecae  tubular,  sessile  or  with  a  short 
pedicel.  No  operculum.  Hydranths  cylindrical  with  con- 
ical proboscis. 

L.  robusta. 

Cali/cella.  Stem  a  creeping  tubular  fibre,  erect,  com- 
pound branched,  rooted  by  a  filiform  stolon.  Hydrothecse 
tubular  with  an  operculum  formed  of  convergent  segments 
or  a  plaited  membrane.  Hydranths  cylindrical  with  coni- 
cal proboscis.  Fixed  sporosacs.1 

C.  humilis. 
B 

Solatia  (Grammaria  Stimpson).  Stem  erect,  com- 
posed of  aggregate  tubes,  branch  ing  ^rooted.  Hydrothecse 
cylindrical,  sessile,  no  operculum,  adnate  for  part  of  length. 
Disposed  on  all  sides  of  the  stem  in  regular  and  equidis- 
tant longitudinal  series. 

$.  robusta. 

Filellum.  Stem  creeping,  filiform,  reticulate,  im- 
mersed in  chitinous  crust.  Hydrothecse  tubular,  decum- 
bent, adherent.  No  operculum,  irregularly  arranged 
along  the  stem  to  which  they  are  attached  by  short  stalk. 

tiertularella.     Plant-like.      Stem    branching,    jointed, 

1  Sacs  in  which  the  spores  are  contained ;  gonosac,  sac  containing   the  male 
sexual  elements. 


38  CCELENTERATA    AND 

rooted  by  a  creeping  stolon.     Hydrothecae  biserial,  alter- 
nate, orifice  toothed.     Operculum  of  several  pieces. 

$.  polyzonias. 

Diphasia.  Plant-like.  Stem  branching,  jointed,  rooted 
by  a  creeping  stolon.  Hydrothecae  opposite,  pair  on  each 
internode.  Valve-like  operculum.  Gonothecae  scattered, 
different  in  male  and  female. 

D.fattax. 

Sertularia  (Dynamena) .  Plant-like;  stem  branching, 
jointed,  rooted  by  creeping  stolon.  Hydrothecae  biserial, 
opposite  or  alternate.  No  operculum.  Gonothecae  scat- 
tered . 

tS.  pumila. 

Antennularia .     Plant-like.    Stems  simple  or  branching, 
with  verticillate  branchlets  and  rooted  by  a  mass  of  fibres 
Hydrotheese   cup-shaped.      Nematophores    bithalmic   on 
stem. 

A.  sp.? 

Plumularia.  Hydrothecae  sessile,  unilateral.  With 
nematophores  or  minute  cups  which  contain  an  extensile 
offshoot  from  the  ccenosarc,  with  or  without  nematocysts. 
Gonozooids  fixed. 

P.   Verrillii. 

Aglaophenia.  Plumose,  simple  or  branched,  rooted. 
Hydrothecae  cup-formed.  Nematophores  on  the  Hydro- 
thecae. Gonothecae  in  the  form  of  corbulae. 

A.  arbor ea. 

Order  II.     Trachy medusae. 

Sense-bodies  with  a  hood.  With  a  bell-cavity  and  ve- 
lum. Medusas  transparent,  of  small  size  resembling  in 
many  particulars  the  Hydroida.  Body  disk-like,  spheri- 
cal, conical ;  colorless.  Walls  sometimes  rigid,  sometimes 
flexible.  Marginal  tentacles  stiff,  sometimes  easily  decid- 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW  ENGLAND. 


39 


nous  in  single  row.  Often  obscurely  "hooded  eyed."  Pro- 
boscis and  radial  tubes  generally  present,  often  absent. 

A.  Without  proboscis Cunina. 

B.  With  proboscis. 

I.  Body-walls  rigid      ....     Trachyneraa. 

II.  Body-walls  flexible Liriope. 

Cunina.     Body  disk-shaped,  inflexible,  destitute  of  ra- 
dial tubes.      Tentacles  rigid,  arise  from  sides  of  the  body 


j 


CUNINA. 
SECTION  OF  THE  BELL  RIM  OF  TRACHYNEMA. 

YOUNG  TRACHYNEMA. 

not  from  disk  margin.     Velum  muscular,  forming  the  lower 
floor  of  stomach-cavity. 

(7.  discoides. 
B.  I. 

Trachynema.  Umbrella  mitre-shaped  with  rigid  walls, 
with  quick  spasmodic  movements  in  propulsion.  Onward 
motion  caused  in  part  by  vibration  of  velum.  Tentacles 
numerous  with  rigid  bases.  Eight  radial  tubes,  generally 


40  CCELENTERATA    AND 

%k 

stump-like  on  account  of  deciduous  extremities.  Eight 
bright-red  sense-capsules  without  covering  lappets  or 
"hoods."  Proboscis  pedunculated.  Lips  quadrate  with 
numerous  lasso-cells.  Eight  sausage-like  ovaries  hanging 
in  bell-cavity  from  radial  tubes. 

T.  digitalis. 


LIRIOPE. 
MODEEBIA  (TURRITOPSIS). 


ECHINODEKMATA    OF   NEW   ENGLAND.  41 

B.  II. 

Liriope.  Body  mushroom-shaped  with  flexible  walls. 
Tentacles  long,  flexible,  four  in  number.  Four  radial  tubes. 
Proboscis  pedunculated.  Otocysts  naked,  with  accompa- 
nying tentacular  appendages.  Ovaries  on  radial  tubes, 
heart-shaped,  slightly  pendent  from  the  inner  walls  of  the 
bell. 

L.  scutigera. 
Free-swimming  farvce. 

The  larval  forms  of  the  Trachymedusse  are  very  rare  in 
Narragansett  Bay.  The  youngest  Trachynema  which  was 
found  has  a  disk-shaped  body,  very  obscure  proboscis  and 
eight  tentacles  alternating  with  eight  otocysts.  The  sur- 
face of  the  body  and  the  tentacles  are  ciliated. 

C.  discoides  is  a  very  rare  medusa  in  New  England  wa- 
ters and  only  two  forms  have  been  found  ;  one  with  eleven 
and  the  other  with  fourteen  tentacles. 

Order  III.     Siphonophora. 

Polymorphic  medusse  generally  with  a  tubular-formed 
body.  With  or  without  a  float.  With  flask-shaped  stomachs 
(polypites) ,  from  which  depend  long,  contractile  tentacles. 
Many  have  swimming-bells  (nectocalyces),  covering-scales 
and  characteristic  flask-like  bodies  called  tasters.  Colo- 
nies monoecious  or  dioecious.  :  Reproduction  by  ova  and  by 
budding. 

A.  With  a  float      .......     Physophorse. 

I.  With  an  axis Agalmoides. 

Nanomia. 

II.  Without  an  axis     ....     Physalia. 

B.  Without  a  float Calycophorse. 

A.  I. 

Agalmoides.     Body  tubular,  with  colored  axis,  size  of 


42  CXELENTERATA  AND 

a  knitting-needle;  float  small.  Nectocalyces  arranged  in 
two  opposite  rows  on  the  third  of  the  axis  below  the  float, 
called  the  nectostem.  Covering-scales  flat,  quadrangular 
in  shape.  Stomachs  or  polypites,  arranged  at  intervals  on 
lower  two-thirds  of  the  axis  called  polypstem.  Tentacles 
long,  contractile,  dotted  with  lateral  appendages  (tentac- 
ular knobs).  Each  tentacular  knob  with  pedicel ;  coiled 
cork-screw  part  (sacculus)  covered  by  an  involucrum ; 
two  terminal  filaments  and  spherical  vesicle.  Ova  and 
spermatozoa  on  the  same  individual  or  colony. 

A.  elegans. 

Nanomia.  Body  tubular  with  colored  axis  ;  float  small. 
Nectocalyces  arranged  in  two  rows  on  the  third  of  axis. 
Covering-scales  flat,  quadrangular.  Stomachs  or  poly- 
pites, on  two-thirds  the  axis.  Tentacles  long,  contractile, 
when  retracted  thrown  into  festoons.  Tentacular  knobs 
with  sacculus,  involucrum  and  single  terminal  filament. 
Ova  and  spermatozoa  in  respective  bells  on  same  colon}7. 

N.  car  a. 
A.  II. 

Physalia.  Body  bag-shaped,  floating  on  the  surface  of 
the  water,  with  appendages  hanging  down  in  the  water  on 
the  lower  side.  Float  pointed  at  one  end  with  raised 
chambered  crest  on  the  upper  side.  Tentacles  very  long, 
contractile,  armed  at  intervals  with  reniform  thickenings 
of  lasso-cells.  Polypites  numerous.  Sexual  bodies  in 
the  form  of  buds  on  a  branching  axis. 

P.  Arethusa. 

Diphyes.  Two  small  gelatinous  nectocalyces  placed  end 
to  end  with  openings  into  cavities  pointing  in  same  direc- 
tion. Anterior  conical,  with  four  radial  tubes  of  unequal 
length  and  single  blind  tube  called  the  somatocyst  in  the 
bell  walls  on  one  side.  Posterior  bell  with  radial  tubes 
of  the  same  length,  no  somatocyst.  Axis  long,  flexible, 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  43 

with  clusters  of  individuals  at  intervals.     Sexual  Organs 
connected  with  these  clusters. 

D.  formosa. 


EUDOXIA  LESSONII. 
DIPLOPHYSA  INERMIS. 


Free-swimming  larvae. 

Agalmoides  elegans.  The  egg  is  dropped  from  the  bells 
in  the  cluster  of  female  sexual  bodies  and  goes  through  its 
segmentation  in  the  water. 

There  are  three  larval  stages  in  the  progress  of  the  de- 
velopment which  are  called : 

1.  Primitive  larva. 

2.  Athorybia  stage. 

3.  Physophora  stage. 

All  of  these  are  found  free-swimming  in  surface  fishing; 
the  tirst  is  rare,  the  second  and  third  are  taken  almost 


44  CCELENTERATA   AND 

every  summer  in  Narragansett  Bay.  The  Physophora 
larva  is  the  most  common. 

The  primitive  larva  consists  of  a  primitive  polypite 
formed  directly  from  the  egg  or  budded  from  its  side,  a 
helmet-shaped  covering-scale,  the  primitive  covering-scale, 
or  hydro phy Ilium,  through  which  pass  anunbranchal  prim- 
itive canal  and  an  embryonic  tentacle  with  transitory 
tentacular  knobs.  The  primitive  larva  swims  at  moderate 
depths  in  the  aquarium. 

The  Athorybia  stage  has  no  primitive  covering-scale, 
but  a  circle  of  serrated,  provisional  covering-scales,  a 
transitory  tentacle  with  tentacular  knobs,  a  float,  polypite, 
taster,  and  is  destitute  of  nectocalyces.  The  axis  from 
which  the  circle  of  serrated  covering-scales  in  this  larva 
arises  is  also  probably  transitory.  The  Athorybia  stage  is 
generally  found  free  on  the  surface  of  the  water. 

The  Physophora  larva  resembles  closely  the  adult  with 
the  exception  that  it  still  retains  the  embryonic  tentacle 
with  its  characteristic  tentacular-knobs.  Float  and  necto- 
calyces like  those  of  the  adult.  The  portion  of  the  stem 
below  the  nectocalyces,  called  the  polypstem,  is  enlarged 
at  its  very  extremity  somewhat  as  in  the  genus  Physo- 
phora. Covering-scales  like  those  of  the  adult  are  present, 
and  the  permanent  tentacle  with  the  knob  characteristic  of 
the  adult  coexist  with  the  embryonic.  Both  depend  from 
the  extremity  of  the  stem  opposite  the  float.  A  small 
cluster  of  immature  buds  just  below  the  lower  pair  of  nec- 
tocalyces are  undeveloped  polypites  and  tasters. 

Physalia.  The  youngest  Physalia  has  a  float  and  poly- 
pite with  a  single  tentacle.  Of  the  very  young  Physalia 
little  is  known.  There  are  no  known  provisional  organs. 
The  float  is  small,  spherical  or  slightly  oval  in  form. 

The  young  stages  of  Diphyes  have  never  been  observed 
in  Narragansett  Bay,  yet  certain  forms  called  the  Diphy- 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  45 

zooids  may  be  described  here.  A  Diphyzooid  is  a  frag- 
ment of  a  Calycophore  which  has  an  independent  life. 
Two  forms  of  Diphyzooids  have  been  found  in  Narragan- 
sett  Bay.  They  are  known  as  Eudoxia  Lessonii  and  Di- 
plophysa  inermis. 

Diplophysa  inermis.  This  species  is  the  diphyzooid  of 
Monophyes  gracilis,  and  in  the  cycle  of  development  we 
have,  according  to  Chun,  stages  corresponding  with  the 
following  genera : 

1.  Monophyes. 

2.  Muggisea. 

3.  Diplophysa. 

Monophyes  has  not  yet  been  recorded  from  New  Eng- 
land. Muggisea  has  been  taken  once  or  twice. 

Order  IV.  Acraspeda. 

Body  or  umbrella,  disk-shaped.  Sense  bodies  with  a 
hood.  Velum  obscure.  Without  a  bell  cavity.  Body  gel- 
atinous, flexible,  convex  above,  generally  colored.  From 
centre  of  under  surface  hang  long  projections,  or  curtain- 
like  folds,  which  enclose  a  stomach.  Filaments  (tentacles) 
arranged  in  bundles  or  simple  rows  around  or  near  the  disk 
margin.  Sense  bodies  alternating  with  the  tentacles  on 
the  bell  rim,  covered  with  "hoods." 

A.  Eight  sense-bodies  on  umbrella  margin. 

Cyanea. 
Aurelia. 
Dactylometra. 

B.  Sixteen  sense-bodies  on  umbrella  margin. 

Callinema. 

A.  I. 

I.  Body  red  ;  mouth  parts  in  folds  ;  tentacles  long,  con- 
spicuous, in  clusters Cyanea. 


CCELENTERATA   AND 


A.    II. 

II.     Body  white  ;  mouth  parts  four  tentacular  bodies  ; 
tentacles  short,  inconspicuous       .     .     ...      Aurelia. 


TOUNG   CYANEA. 
AURELIA. 


A.  III. 

III.  Body  pink  ;  mouth  parts  in  four  long  tentacular 
bodies  ;  tentacles  long,  in  series  .  .  .  Dactylometra. 

A. 

Cyanea.  Umbrella  depressed  with  scalloped  edges  in 
which  lie  eight  sense  bodies,  alternating  with  eight  bun- 
dles of  tentacles.  Lips  formed  of  curtain-like  folds  with 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  47 

many  ruffles.     Chymiferous  tubes  dendritic.     Color  red 
and  blue.     Body  very  large. 

O.  arctica. 

Aurelia.  Umbrella  disk-shaped  with  a  single  row  of 
marginal  tentacles.  Eight  hooded  otocysts.  Lips  in  the 
form  of  four  fringed  arms.  Chymiferous  tubes  branched, 
not  dendritic.  Color  cream  or  white.  Body  large  size. 

A.  flavidula. 

Dactylometra.  Flexible  umbrella,  globular,  discoid, 
with  many  marginal  tentacles  and  incised  edges.  Lips 
in  form  of  four  long  projecting  tentacle-like  appendages. 
Color  pinkish  ;  tentacles  red.  Tubes  of  body  unbranched. 
No  peripheral  vessel. 

D.  quinquecirra. 

B. 

Callinema.  Umbrella  flat,  thick  with  apical  protuber- 
ance. Tubes  radial,  anastomosing  in  sixteen  segments. 
Circular  vessel  with  radial  extensions.  Sixteen  sense  lap- 
pets. Tentacles  long,  numerous,  arising  from  circular 
vessel.  Lips  in  curtain-like  frills. 

C.  ornata. 

Free-swimming  larvae. 

The  only  free-swimming  larvae  of  Acraspeda  yet  de- 
scribed from  New  England  are  called  the  Ephyrse.  Al- 
though other  genera  occur  I  have  found  only  this  stage 
of  the  two  above-mentioned  genera.  The  ova  are  borne 
in  the  folds  of  the  mouth  and  their  development  into  free 
planulse  can  be  easily  traced  into  the  sessile  stages,  Scy- 
phistoma1  and  Strobila,  descriptions  of  which  do  not  come 
in  the  province  of  this  work.  The  youngest  free  larva 


^ucernaria,  which  is  closely  allied  to  Scyphistoma,  has  cup-shaped,  very  con- 
tractile body  with  peduncle  and  is  found  attached  to  Zostera  or  some  similar 
foreign  object.  Tentacles  small  in  clusters  of  tuft-like  bodies.  Color  brown  or 
light  green. 


48  CCELENTERATA    AND 

between  the  Strobila  and  adult  is  called  the  Ephyra.  The 
Ephyrae  of  Cyanea  and  Aurelia  closely  resemble  each  other  ; 
that  of  Cyanea  is,  however,  a  little  larger  than  that  of 
Aurelia  andhas  a  brown  or  reddish  color.  Both  have  aflat, 
disk-shaped  body,  deeply  emarginntedby  sixteen  incisions 
of  two  depths  ;  in  the  more  shallow  of  which  the  otocysts 
are  placed,  while  a  single  tentacle  is  found  as  a  mere  stump 
in  the  deeper.  The  lips  are  very  simple  and  without  folds. 
In  vibrations  of  the  umbrella  the  marginal  lappets  are 
commonly  raised  above  the  aboral  region  of  the  bell  and 
then  brought  suddenly  down  below  the  mouth. 

A  larval  stage  of  Cyanea  older  than  the  Ephyra,  which 
approaches  in  many  particulars  the  form  of  the  adult,  is  well 
marked  on  account  of  the  great  development  of  small  fila- 
ments placed  at  intervals  over  the  aboral  region  of  the  bell. 

The  larval  stages  of  Gallinema  and  Dactylometra  are 
not  known. 

Order   V.     Ctenophora. 

Free-swimming,  gelatinous  animals  with  spherical, 
thimble-shaped  or  ovate  forms.  The  external  walls  of  the 
body  crossed  by  eight  meridional  rows  of  paddle-like  flap- 
pers. With  or  without  tentacles.  Single,  large,  compound 
otocyst  at  one  pole.  Chymiferous  tubes  radially  arranged. 
Without  proboscis. 

A.  Ctenophora  without  tentacles  (Nuda)         .     Beroe'. 

B.  Ctenophora  with  tentacles  (Tentaculata). 

I.  Body  spherical,   without  lateral  lobes.     Rows 

of  flappers  of  same  length.     Pleurobrachia. 

II.  Body   with   large    lateral   lobes.        Rows   of 

flappers  unequal  in  length.     Mnemiopsis. 

A.     Nuda. 

Beroe  (Miiller) .  Body  ovate,  hat-shaped,  with  pinkish 
color.  No  tentacles,  no  body  lobes.  Large  central  body 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW    ENGLAND.  49 

cavity.     Chymiferous  tubes  anastomosing,  with  many  lat- 
eral branches. 

B.  roseola. 

B.  II. 

Pleurobrachia.  Body  spherical,  transparent,  colorless, 
of  relative  hard  consistency.  Meridional  rows  of  flappers 
of  equal  length  extending  direct  from  the  sense  to  the  oral 
pole.  Tentacles  very  long  with  lateral  branches  of  crim- 
son color,  capable  of  being  retracted  into  a  chamber  on 
each  side  of  body. 

P.  rhododactyla. 

Mnemiopsis.1  Body  transparent,  compressed  laterally 
and  with  two  prominent  lobes.  Body  colorless,  with 
walls  flexible.  Tentacles  short.  Rows  of  locomotor  flap- 
pers of  unequal  length.  Four  ear-like,  ciliate  ( ?)  ap- 
pendages ("auricles")  near  the  mouth. 

M.  Leidyi. 

Free-swimming  larvae. 

The  larvae  of  the  Ctenophora  are  among  the  most  com- 
mon of  all  the  medusae  found  in  surface-fishing.  The  eggs 
sometimes  occur  in  great  numbers  in  the  collecting  jars 
where  any  of  the  different  genera  have  been  allowed  to 
remain  fora  short  time.  They  are  sometimes  found  single, 
sometimes  in  strings.  Ova  are  small  when  single  as  in 
Mnemiopsis  and  others,  but  can  be  observed  with  the 
unaided  eye.  These  little  transparent  globes  enclose  an 
egg,  the  growth  of  which  can  easily  be  followed  through 
early  stages  of  segmentation.  The  larvae  of  the  Cteno- 
phora, after  leaving  the  egg  sac,  are  difficult  to  refer  to 

1  Bolina  alata  is  closely  allied  to  this  genus, 
ESSEX  IN8T.   BULLETIN,  VOL.    XXm,  4 


50  CGELENTERATA    AND 

their  respective  genera.  Those  of  Beroe  never  have 
tentacles.  Of  the  tentaculated  genera  Pleurobrachia  and 
Mnemiopsis,  the  former  has  long  tentacles  which  never 
diminish  in  size  with  age  and  is  destitute  of  lateral  lobes, 
while  the  latter  has  widespreading  lobes  which  increase 
very  greatly  in  size  with  advancing  growth  and  the  ten- 
tacles become  smaller  and  smaller  in  the  progressive 
growth.  The  adult  has  rudimentary  tentacles.  The 
young  of  the  Ctenophora  are  never  sessile,  with  no  inter- 
mediate asexual  form  ;  consequently  the  development  is 
said  to  be  direct. 

CLASS  II.     ACTINOZOA. 

Coelenterates  attached  or  free.  Stomach  bag-like,  with 
linear  mouth  opening  into  body  cavity.  Radial  septa  in 
body  cavity.  Internal  sexual  bodies.  Without  medusi- 
fovm  gonophores,  solitary  or  colonial.  Body  soft  with 
mural  spicules,  calcareous  septa  horny,  flinty  axis.  Often 
shrub-like,  branching.  . 

Actinoida. 

Tentacles  twelve  or  numerous,  hollow,  sometimes  per- 
forate, rarely  branched.  Bodies  soft.  Skeleton  when  pres- 
ent calcareous.  Spicules  absent  in  body. 

A.     Bodies  soft,  generally  solitary,  attached  or  free. 

Tentacles  numerous Actiniaria. 

I.  Adherent. 

Disk  lobed   .     .     Actinoloba  (Metridium). 
Disk  not  lobed.    Body  covered  with  warts. 

Bunodes. 

Coenosarc  developed.    Colonial,  two  circles 
of  tentacles    .      .     Polythoa  (Zoanthus). 
Tentacles,  many  circles.     Solitary. 

Tealia  (Rhodactinia,  Urticina). 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW    ENGLAND. 


51 


II.  Communal  and  adherent. 

a.  In  branching  colonies 

b.  In  calcareous  encrustations 

III.  Not  adherent. 

Lives  in  sand,  not  colonial. 


Lophohelia. 
Astra  ngia. 


ACTINOLOBA   (METRIDIUM). 


a.  Tentacles  simple,  slightly  retractile. 

Ilyanthus. 

b.  Tentacles  in  two  sets,  posterior  opening. 

Cereanthus. 

Body   covered   in    sand,    colonial.     Individuals 

not  connected  with  coenosarc      .     Edwardsia. 

Parasitic  in  Cyanea      ....     Philomedusa. 

A.  I. 

Actinoloba.     Body  fixed.     Outer  surface  smooth.  Ten- 
tacles small,  on  lobes,  retractile,     Reproduction;  fission, 


52  CXELENTERATA    AND 

gemmation  and  ova.     Hermaphrodite.     Eggs  develop  in- 
ternally.    Abundant  everywhere  at  low  tide. 

A.  marginata. 


ACTINOLOBA  WITH  BODY  CONTRACTED. 

Bunodes.  Body  with  thick  walls,  covered  externally 
with  warts.  Tentacles  short,  not  numerous,  in  four  rows. 

B.  spectabilis. 

Polythoa.     Polyps  in  clusters  connected  by  living  cceno- 

sarc.    Attached  to  shells  inhabited  by  hermit  crabs,  worms, 

etc.  P.  parasitica. 

Tealia.1  Solitary,  tentacles  in  many  series.  Base  large. 

Body  bright  red,  smooth;  when  retracted,  flat. 

T.  crassicornis . 
nodosa.  (?) 
A.    II. 

Lophohelia.  Colonial,  branched.  Polyps  irregularly  al- 
ternate, widely  separate.  Calycles  cup-shaped,  slightly 
protuberant.  Axis  solid,  zigzag.  Deep  water. 

4  L.  prolifera. 

*  Urticina. 


ECHINODERMATA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND.        53 

Aslrangia.  Skeleton  calcareous  encrustations.  Not 
branching.  Individuals  closely  crowded.  Corallum  cir- 
cular, sometimes  polygonal  by  crowding.  Septa  of  equal 
size,  not  prominent,  peripheral  wall.  Polyps  cylindrical, 
tentacles  numerous,  dotted  with  clusters  of  nematocysts. 
Terminal  clubs.  Tentacles  retractile.  Ova  vomited 
through  mouth  when  laid.  South  of  Cape  Cod. 

A.  Dance. 

A.  III. 

llyanthus.  Body  free,  tapering  posteriorly.  Tenta- 
cles slightly  retractile.  No  posterior  orifice. 

/.  loevis. 

Cereanthus.  Body  elongated,  vermiform.  Two  series 
of  tentacles  which  alternate  with  each  other.  Posterior 
part  present. 

C.  borealis. 

Edwardsia.  Colonial,  not  attached  by  ccenosarc.  Pos- 
terior extremity  inflated,  not  perforate,  membranous.  Ten- 
tacles on  a  retractile  column.  Motion  in  retraction  rapid. 
Color  white.  Young,  Arachnactis.* 

E.  sipunculoides. 

farinacea. 

sulcata. 

carnea. 

lineata. 

Philomedusa.  Body  vermiform  with  posterior  sac. 
Posterior  opening?  Tentacles  few,  short,  thick,  conical. 

P.  parasitica. 

Madreporaria. 

Solitary  or  colonial.  Secrete  lime  skeletons.  Tenta- 
cles numerous,  hollow ;  no  external  opening,  retractile. 

1  The  young  of  E.  lineata  1  is  said  to  be  the  Actinian  parasite  of  Mnemiopsis. 


54  O03LENTERATA    AND 

I.  Solitary,  not  attached1  ....     Pennatulacea. 

II.  Attached. 

a.  With  axis      .     .....      Gorgonacea. 

b.  Without  horny  axis    " .     .     .       Alcyonacea. 
Body  with  circular  base  with  calcareous  septa.     No  ring- 
shaped  wall.     Six  peripheral  tooth-like  extensions  of  cal- 
careous septa.     Septa  large  and  small,  alternating  in  two 
or  more  series.     Each  septa  with  lateral  ridges.     Unat- 
tached.    Lower  surface  ribbed.     Deep  water. 

Deltocyathus. 

Body  horn-shaped,  prolonged  to  a  posterior  projec- 
tion. Two  axes  of  different  lengths.  Peripheral  wall. 
Large  prominent  septa  which  rise  above  the  upper  surface  ; 
no  centrifugal  peripheral  teeth.  One  series  of  septa. 

Flabellum  Goodei. 

Alcyonoida. 

Compound  corals  with  eight  pectinate  or  branched  ten- 
tacles. With  or  without  sclerobase.  When  sclerobase  is 
present,  horny,  calcareous  or  siliceous.  With  a  cortical 
layer  formed  of  consolidated  or  scattered  spicules. 

Pennatulacea.  Free  or  with  base  buried  in  sand,  pen- 
shaped,  composed  of  an  axis  and  leaf  portion.  With  spic- 
ules. Sclerobase  small  flexible  rod.  Polyps  on  edge  of 
leaf.  Zooids  small  on  axis. 

Gorgonacea.  Rooted,  plant-like,  branching.  With 
horny  or  siliceous  sclerobase  or  loosely  consolidated  spic- 
ules in  axis.  Cortical  layer  present  or  absent  in  dry 
specimens. 

Alcyonacea.  Attached,  fleshy,  with  scattered  spicules. 
Massive,  colonial.  Without  sclerobase. 

JDeep  Avater;  not  strictly  belonging  in  this  paper. 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW   ENGLAND.  55 

Pennatulidce. 

Pennatula.  Polyp  region  with  prominent  flat  leaves 
which  are  two  ranked,  opposite.  Polyps  marginal. 
Shaft  smooth.  Color  of  leaves  reel,  shaft  at  end  white. 
Phosphorescent.  Aperture  of  polyps  with  spinose  spic- 
nles. 

P.  aculeata. 

Balticina.  Polyps  in  oblique  rows,  two  in  each  row. 
Leaves  not  prominent.  Calycles  (polyps)  spinose.  Zo- 
oids  on  the  axis  between  the  leaves.  Axis  below  the  leaves 
smooth.  With  terminal  .polyp.  Leaves  pale-purple. 
Axis  salmon  color. 

B.  Finmarchica. 

Virgulariadce. 

Virgularia.  Stem  filiform;  polyp  region  linear  with 
sessile  curved  lobes  on  upper  end.  Polyps  marginal. 
Pinnae  wanting;. 

V*  Ljungmanni. 


•&' 


GORGONACEA. 

Alcyonacea. 

A.  Without  sclerobase,  the  axis  formed  of  consolidated 
spicules. 

Alcyonium.  Polyps  prominent ;  solitary.  Bodylobed, 
with  spicules.  Prominent  circumoral  spicules.  Pores 
star-like.  Encrusting  submerged  bodies.  White  or  red, 
axis  generally  white. 

1.  Large,  markedly  lobed     .     .     .      .     A.  carneum. 

2.  Small,  nodose,  bright-red      .      .      .    A.  rubiforme. 

Paragorgiidce. 

B.  With  horny  or  siliceous  scierobase  and  generally 
with  cortical  layer. 


56  C(ELENTERATA    AND 

1.  Sclerobase  with  nodes  and  inter  nodes. 

Paragorgiii. 
Anthothela. 
Acanella. 

2.  Sclerobase  horny. 

Acanthogorgia. 

Paramuricea. 

Primnoa. 

B.    1. 

Paragorgia.  Coral  large,  brandling  with  axis  formed 
of  spicules.  No  horny  deposit. 

P.  arborea. 

Anthotliela.  Coral  irregular  with  spicnlose  axis  of  fus- 
iform spicnles.  Calycles  prominent,  not  retractile.  Ccen- 
osarc  thin.  Spicnles  warty  in  ccenosarc  and  calycles. 

A.  insignis. 

Acanella.  Branched  with  nodes  larger  than  internodes. 
Nodes  very  hard.  Ccenosarc  thin.  Tentacles  stiff  with 
spicules. 

A.  J^ormani. 

B.    2. 

Acanthogorgia.  Coral  slender,  flexible,  branched, 
bushy.  Ccenosarc  thin  with  small,  curved,  wart-like  spi- 
cules which  do  not  project.  Calycles  elongated.  Disk 
surmounted  by  eight  groups  of  long,  divergent,  spine-like 
spicules.  Body  spicula,  rarely  projecting. 

A.  armata. 

Paramuricea.  Differs  from  Acanthogorgia  in  possess- 
ing shorter  calycles  and  shorter  marginal  spines.  Spic- 
ules irregular,  flat,  branched. 

P.  boreatis, 


ECHINODERMATA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND.         57 

Primnoa.  Central  axis  horny,  branched  ;  cortical  layer 
hard,  with  difficulty  separated  from  the  sclerobase.  Caly- 
cles  protuberant,  with  scales.  Calicular  apertures  (mouths) 
with  eight  scales.  Cortical  layer  rough  on  external  surface. 

*  P.  reseda. 

IV.     ECHINODERMATA . 

The  animals  which  are  included  in  the  Echinodermata 
are  all  marine  and  are  distinguished  by  a  spinous  integu- 
mentary covering.  The  integument  may  be  filled  with 
calcareous  deposit  in  the  form  of  sharp,  pointed,  immov- 
able warts,  or  plates  closely  joined  together,  bearing  sculpt- 
ured and  fluted  movable  spines.  In  some  cases  the 
integument  is  smooth  and  has  embedded  anchor-shaped  cal- 
careous spicules.  The  existence  of  spines  has  given  the 
name  of  theJGchinodermata,  "hedge-hog  skinned,"  to  the 
group. 

The  form  of  the  body  varies  very  considerably.  It  has 
sometimes  the  form  of  an  oblate  sphere  with  immovable 
calcareous  plates,  as  in  the  sea-urchins.  In  others  the 
body  is  soft  and  vermiform.  The  majority  are  star-shaped, 
in  which  a  central  body  and  peripheral  rays  can  be  differ- 
entiated. In  the  ordinary  star-fishes  the  body  and  rays  are 
with  difficulty  distinguished.  In  the  group  of  brittle-stars 
the  body  is  sharply  marked  off  from  the  rays  which  extend 
as  long,  'highly  flexible,  worm-like  bodies.  These  rays 
may  be  filamentous,  as  in  the  feather-stars,  or  divided  and 
subdivided  as  in  the  basket-fishes.  In  the  common  star- 
fish we  have  ordinarily  but  five  rays,  while  in  the  sun- 
stars  the  rays  are  numerous.  In  the  pentagonal  star-fishes 
the  interval  between  the  rays  is  filled  up,  the  tip  only 
extending  beyond  the  five  angles,  and  the  distinction  be- 
tween the  central  body  and  peripheral  arms  is  almost  lost. 

The  star-shape    disappears    wholly   in  the   sea-urchins 


58  CCELENTERATA   AND 

which  have  a  spherical  body  with  no  arms.  The  body  is 
ordinarily  spinous,  whence  the  name  of  the  typical  genus, 
Echinus.  In  Echinarachnius,  the  "  sand  dollar"  or  "sand 
cake,"  the  sphere  is  flattened  into  a  thin,  slightly  conical 
disk. 

In  most  of  the  Holothurians,  "sea-cucumbers,"  the  bod^ 
is  columnar;  in  some  vermiform.  In  this  group  portions 
of  the  body  may  be  covered  with  scales  without  prominent 
spines,  but  is  leathery,  or  soft  and  flexible. 

The  stellate  Echinoderms  are  distinguished  by  an  oral 
and  an  aboral  region.  The  oral  region  in  the  star-fishes 
is  situated  below;  in  the  Crinoids  above,  as  the  animal  is 
ordinarily  placed.  A  mouth  is  found  at  or  near  the  centre 
of  the  oral  region.  The  vent  when  present  is,  in  the  star- 
fishes, on  the  centre  of  the  aboral  region.  The  brittle-stars 
have  no  vent. 

The  oral  surface  of  the  star- fishes  is  formed  of  five 
double  rows  of  plates  extending  from  mouth  to  extremity 
of  the  ray.  These  plates  are  called  ambulacral  plates  and 
from  the  intervals  between  them  arise  the  feet  which  are 
often  with  suckers  at  the  free  end  and  with  a  single  or  paired 
inflation  or  ampulla  at  the  opposite  end  in  the  body  .  These 
feet  are  in  two  or  four  rows  in  each  ray.  In  the  brittle- 
stars  the  ambulacral  plates  are  covered  by  a  ventral  series 
of  plates  or  integument. 

In  the  spheroidal  Echinoderms  the  aboral  surface  of  the 
star-fish  is  reduced  to  a  small  circle  at  the  pole  opposite 
the  mouth.  The  ambulacrals  appear  as  meridional  rows 
of  plates  extending  from  mouth  to  aboral  circle.  In  the 
"sand  dollars"  a  portion  of  these  plates  on  the  upper  sur- 
face is  specialized  into  a  rosette  of  five  pairs  of  plates 
arranged  in  a  series  known  as  the  petaloid  region.  The 
position  of  the  anus  varies  in  the  sea-urchins  from  the 
neighborhood  of  the  mouth  to  a  point  on  the  opposite  pole 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND. 


59 


of  the  body.     Our  common  sea-urchin  sometimes  exca- 
vates cavities  in  the  solid  rock. 

In  the  "sea-cucumbers"  the    structure  of  the  ambula- 


SEA-URCHINS  IN  EXCAVATIONS. 


cral  plates  is  obscure.  In  some  genera  a  foot  is  formed  by 
the  modification  of  three  of  these  series  ;  in  Cucumaria  we 
find  five  double  rows,  and  in  Thy  one  the  suckers  are  ir- 


60  CCELENTERATA    AND 

regularly  distributed.  Certain  sea-cucumbers  and  brittle- 
stars  have  feet  destitute  of  suckers. 

The  nervous  system  is  exposed  to  the  water  in  star- 
fishes, but  is  covered  by  a  series  of  plates  in  brittle-stars 
and  sea-urchins  and  is  internal  in  sea-cucumbers.  Eye- 
spots  are  found  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  in  star-fishes ;  in  a 
ring  about  the  aboral  region  in  sea-urchins  and  are  want- 
ing in  Crinoids  and  brittle-stars  and  possibly  in  sea- cu- 
cumbers. Special  organs  of  smell  exist  on  the  under  or 
oral  surface  of  the  star-fishes  as  shown  by  physiological 
studies.  Otocysts  are  known  in  deep-sea  genera. 

The  ovarian  openings  lie  in  the  angles  of  the  rays  or  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  in  star-fishes ;  in  a  circle  about 
the  aboral  region  in  sea-urchins  and  on  the  lateral  cirri  in 
Antedon.  In  brittle-stars  there  are  four  broad  openings 
on  the  side  of  the  disk,  called  by  some  genital  slits.  By 
many  naturalists  these  are  regarded  as  respiratory  open- 
ings. Holothurians  generally  have  a  single  sexual  open- 
ing near  the  mouth. 

A  madreporic  body  or  convoluted  prominence  is  well 
marked  in  star-fishes  and  sea-urchins  and  hidden  or  want- 
ing in  snake-stars  and  sea-cucumbers. 

The  sexes  are  ordinarily  separate.  Some  star-fishes, 
snake-stars  and  the  sea-cucumbers  are  probably  hermaph- 
rodite. The  Echinodermata  have  a  direct  or  indirect  de- 
velopment, and  some  are  viviparous. 

The  Echinodermata  of  our  coast  are  divided  as  follows  : 

Free  Crinoidea. 

Body  with  pinnate  rays,  with  jointed  cirri  on  the  aboral 
region. 

Aster  oidea. 

Body  stellate  or  pentagonal,  with  an  aboral  and  oral 
region,  the  latter  only  crossed  by  five  or  ten  double  radial 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW    ENGLAND.  61 

rows  of  protrusible  legs.     No    line  of  demarcation    be- 
tween body  and  arms. 

Ophiuroidea. 

Body  stellate  with  a  central  disk  and  peripheral  arms 
sharply  marked  off  from  each  other. 

Echinoidea. 

No  peripheral  arms,  body  spherical  or  discoidal,  spinif- 
erous,  inflexible. 

Holothurioidea. 

No  peripheral  arms,  body  columnar,  flexible,  tegu- 
mentary,  partially  squamous  or  leathery.  Not  spinifer- 
ous. 

ASTEROIDEA. 

Body  stellate,  with  no  separation  between  disk  and  arms. 
Abactinal  region  large,  flexible,  with  embedded  calcareous 
deposits.  Spines  on  the  abactinal  region  small.  With  suck- 
ers and  ampullae  arranged  in  two  or  four  rows  in  each 
arm.  Ambulacral  plates  not  covered.  Nervous  system 
and  water  system  of  the  arms  naked.  Eye-spots  at  ex- 
tremity of  the  arms.  Ovarian  openings  in  the  angle  of  the 
arms.  Madreporic  body  conspicuous  on  aboral  surface. 
Stomach  and  hepatic  cceca  in  both  arms  and  disk.  Polian 
and  racemose  vesicles.  Young  a  free  brachiolarian,  or 
viviparous.  Pedicellarire  sessile,  bipatted. 

A.  Body  stellate,  five  or  six  rays. 

B.  Body  stellate,  with  numerous  rays. 
(7.     Body  markedly  pentagonal. 

Asterias.  Body  star-shaped  with  normally  five  arms 
(six?  in  one  species).  Rays  with  marginal  spines  and 
plates,  and  with  four  rows  of  ambulacral  plates.  Arms 
long,  inflated. 

a.     Five  rays  (in  normal  specimens). 


62 


CCELENTERATA    AND 


I.  Color  reddish,  madrcporic  body  dull  in  color.      Free 
larvae  take  the  form  of  brachiolaria. 

A.  vulgar  is. 

II.  Color  brownish,  madreporic  body  bright  red  or  more 
often  orange. 

A.  Forbesii. 
b.  Six  rays. 

Spines  scattered,  large,  slight  constriction  between 
arms  and  disk. 

A.  polaris. 

Leptasterias .  Body  stellate,  five-rayed  with  prominent 
scattered  spines  ;  color  white  or  light  gray.  Young  vivi- 
parous, attached  by  a  cord  on  the  oral  region. 

L.  tenera. 


ASTERIAS. 


Cribrella.  Body  smooth,  stellate,  five  rayed,  covered 
with  short  spines  and  spine  warts,  porous  integument. 
Lateral  spines  small  and  inconspicuous.  Two  rows  of 


ECHINODERMATA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


63 


sucker- feet.     Bright  colored.    Young  bright  red.    Devel- 
opment direct.     Young  carried  about  the  mouth. 

C.  sanguineolenta. 


Solaster.  Body  smooth  with  short  spines.  Lateral 
spines  small  or  inconspicuous.  Radius  of  disk  large  as 
compared  with  that  of  the  star-fish.  Color  red. 

8.  endeca. 

Crossaster.     Body  and    abactinal    region   of  the    rays 

studded  with  tufts  of  spines.     Color  red. 

C.  papposa. 


PTERASTER. 


64  COELENTEKATA    AND 

Ctenodiscus.  Aboral  surface  paved  with  short,  thickly 
set  spines.  Madreporic  body  large.  Central  protuber- 
ance in  centre  of  aboral  surface.  Edges  of  rays  paved 
with  rectangular  plates  which  bear  spines.  Kays  termi- 
nated by  a  single  median  rounded  plate. 

C.  crispatus. 

Asterina.  Body  pentagonal,  thick,  flat  with  thin  mar- 
gin, destitute  of  rectangular  plates.  Small. 

A.  borealis. 

Pteraster.  Body  with  aboral  region  covered  by  a  thin 
tent-formed  integument  stretched  over  the  body  poised 
upon  the  tips  of  clusters  of  aboral  spines  to  which  it  is 
joined.  Tent-like  membrane  flexible.  There  is  a  central 
opening  in  tent-like  membrane.  Madreporic  body  hidden 
and  seen  by  cutting  off  the  covering.  Young  carried  in 
the  groove-formed  marsupia  extending  from  the  sexual 
openings  to  the  central  orifice.  P.  militaris. 

Hippasterias.  Body  with  short,  stumpy  spines.  Bright 
red  color;  obscurely  pentagonal.  Aboral  plates  of  uni- 
form size.  H.  phrygiana. 

OPHIUROIDEA. 

Stellate  echinoderms  with  central  disk  and  long,  flex- 
ible, simple  or  branched  arms.  Body  markedly  separate 
from  the  arms.  Ventral  surface  of  the  arms  covered  with 
plates  or  integument.  Stomach  and  ovaries  confined  to 
the  disk.  No  ambulacral  suckers  ;  locomotion  by  spines, 
hooks  and  motion  of  the  arms.  Viviparous,  or  young  have 
the  form  of  pluteus. 

Rays  simple,  not  branched,  ventral  plates  present. 

Ophiuridae. 

Rays  branched,  ventral  plates  replaced  by  a  leathery 
skin.  Arms  capable  of  infolding  about  the  mouth. 

Astrophytidae, 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND. 


65 


Opkfuridce. 

Disk  circular  and  togumentose  above,  with  or  without 
radial  plates.  No  anus.  Madreporic  body  small,  or 
wanting.  Arms  simple,  with  aboral,  lateral  and  ventral 
plates.  Ambulacra!  plates  hidden  under  the  ventral. 
Blood  system  and  nerves  covered  by  ventral  plates ;  feet 
in  single  row  at  edge  of  the  ventral  plates,  without  suckers 
or  ampullae.  Motion  by  jerks.  Hermaphrodite  or  bisex- 
ual. Young  has  a  free  pluteus,  or  adult  viviparous. 
Genital  slits  large. 

Ophiop holts.  Disk  with  small  spines.  Teeth.  No 
teeth  papillae.  Arm-spines  flat,  stout,  arranged  on  the 
side  plates.  Color 
generally  brownish- 
red.  Primary  plates 
in  brachial  and  in- 
terbrachial  regions. 
Young,  pluteus. 

O.  aculeata. 
QpMoglypha.  Di^k 
with  crowded,  nak- 
ed, distorted  scales. 
Radial  shields  swol- 
len. Arm-spines  few 
(three).  Tentacle 
scales  numerous. 
Color  gray  with  light  OPHIOPHOLIS. 

bands  on  the  arms,  also  yellowish.     Probably  viviparous. 

0.  Sarsii. 

Amphiura.  Disk  small,  delicate,  with  naked  overhanging 
scales.  Arms  slender.  Arm-spines  short.  Arms  four  and 
one-half  times  the  diameter  of  body.  Color  brown.  Vi- 
viparous. A-  squamata. 

ESSEX  INST.   BULLETIN,    VOL.    XXIII  5 


66 


C(ELENTERATA    AND 


<  Astrophytidm. 
Disk  and  arms  with  thick  scaleless  skin.    Radial  shields 

extend  to  centre  of  disk,  forming  elevated   radial  ribs. 

Arms  branched  many  times.     No  arm-spines  except  at  tip 

of  bran chlets,  where  there 
are  microscopic  booklets. 
Arms  folded  ventrally. 
Radial  ribs  yellow ;  in- 
terbrachial  region  brown 
or  red.  Radial  ribs  with 
short  conical  spines.  In- 
terbrachial  region  of  disk 
smooth  or  with  short 
spines.  Ventral  plates 
replaced  by  integument. 
Gorgonoce  halus  Agas- 


GORGONOCEPHALUS. 


SIZll. 


ECHINOIDEA. 

Body  cylindrical,  disk-shaped,  without  arms.  Calcare- 
ous, inflexible,  composed  of  immovable  plates.  Apical 
area  with  anus  or  destitute  of  same.  Ovarian  openings, 
eye-spots  and  madreporic  body  around  the  apical  area. 
Locomotion  by  suckers  and  spines.  Five  double  rows 
of  ambulacra!  and  five  rows  of  inter-ambulacral  plates. 
The  teeth  are  highly  specialized  into  an  apparatus  called 
the  Aristotle's  lantern.  Pedicellariee  pedunculated,  tri- 
fid. 

1.  Echinoids.  Body  spherical  with  ambulacral  zones 
equal  in  length,  unmodified  from  apical  to  oral  region. 
Aristotle's  lantern.  Development  with  pluteus.  Ovaries 
five. 

//.  Clypeastroids.  Body  flat,  disk-shaped ;  ambula- 
cral openings  on  the  aboral  surface,  modified  into  five  pairs 


ECHINODERMATA    OF   NEW   ENGLAND. 


67 


of  petaloid  openings.     Anus  on  edge  of  disk.     Aristotle's 
lantern.     Development  with  platens.     Ovaries  five. 

///.  8pa tang oids.  Body  swollen,  globular,  elongated. 
Ambiilacnil  zones  of  different  lengths,  and  more  or  less 
modified  mouth  and  vent  asymmetrical.  No  Aristotle's 
lantern.  Development  with  pluteus.  Ovaries  four. 

Echinoids. 

Arbacia.  Body  globose ;  vent  and  mouth  opposite ; 
two  kinds  of  spines,  the  larger  few  in  number  ;  color  pur- 
ple. Anus  closed  by  four  triangular  plates.  Pluteus  with 
two  lateral  anal  rods. 

A.  punctulala.  Lam. 


STRONG  YLOCENTROTUS. 


Strong ylocentrotus.     Body  globose  ;  anus  and  mouth  op- 
posite.    Spines  ot  one  kind,  short,  small,  greenish  color. 


68 


CCELENTERATA    AND 


Apical  area  with  irregular  plates.     Pluteus  without  anal 
rods. 

S.  Drobachiensis. 
Clypeastroids. 

Echinarachnius.     Body  nearly  circular,  very  flat  with 
sharp,  entire  margin.     Vent  close  to  edge.     Petaloid  re- 


ECHINAR  AC  HNIUS . 


gion  nlarked.    Spines  small,  short,  brown  or  reddish  color. 
Pluteus  without  anal  rods. 

E.  parma. 
Spatangoids. 

Schizaster.  Body  heart-shaped,  irregular,  oval  with 
avenues  on  the  upper  surface.  Mouth  asymmetrical.  Test 
thin,  fragile.  Ambnlacral  zones  depressed  and  petaloid. 
Pluteus  with  single  median  calcareous  rod  on  the  anal  lobe. 

jS.  fray  His. 


ECHINODERMATA    OF    NEW    ENGLAND.  69 

HOLOTHURIOIDE  A . 

Body  elongate,  vermiform  with  oral  and  anal  openings 
at  opposite  poles  of  the  animal.  Skin  leathery  often  cov- 
ered with  scales,  sometimes  spinous,  often  with  embedded 
spicules  or  anchors.  Ambulacra!  suckers  wanting  or'pres- 
ent.  When  the  latter  are  present,  in  three  to  five  rows. 

With  suckers Pedata. 

Without  suckers Apoda. 

Pedata. 

Cticumaria.  Suckers  in  five  regular  rows,  alternate  in 
each  row,  closely  oppressed.  Tentacles  ten.  Dental  ap- 
paratus. 

C.  frondosa. 

Lophothuria.  Suckers  in  three  rows  and  on  one  side 
which  forms  a  soft  foot.  Other  ambulacra!  furrows  rudi- 
mentary ;  absent.  Body  covered  with  scales.  Tentacles 
ten. 

L.  Fabridi. 

Thyone.  Body  with  scattered  wail-like  suckers.  Ten- 
tacles ten.  Teeth  filamentous. 

T.  scabra. 

elongata. 
Apoda. 

Caudina.  Body  long,  whitish  without  suckers,  pro- 
longed into  a  long  appendage  at  one  end  (anal).  No 
"respiratory  tree." 

C.  arena  ta. 

Leptosynapta.  Body  vermiform,  long,  transparent.  No 
suckers.  No  jaws.  Tentacles  long,  divided  into  finger- 
like  branches.  Kespiratory  tree. 

L.  Girardii. 

Larvce  of  Echinoderms. 

The  larvse  of  New  England  Echinoderms  are  either  car- 
ried by  the  mother  or  free-swimming,  The  development 


70  (XELENTERATA    AND 

is  either  direct  (without  metamorphosis)  or  indirect.  The 
larvae  of  the  free-swimming  kind  are  as  follows  : 

A.  With  long  flexible  ciliated  arms.     Transparent. 

Brachiolaria. 

B.  With  long  inflexible  ciliated  arms.    ,  Each  arm  with 
calcareous  axis Plnteus. 

(7.  No  arms,  with  rounded  prominences,  not  ciliated, 
bright  red,  opaque False  pupa. 

D.  No  arms,  barrel-shaped,  girt  by  parallel  bands  of 
cilia        .     ...  .  ..;•', .   . Pupa. 

E.  No  arms,  with  irregular  lines  or  bands  of  cilia.    No 
eye-spots. 

1.  Single  convoluted  band  about  mouth. 

Young  Brachiolaria. 

2.  Double  convoluted  band  non -continuous. 

Auricularia. 

A.  Brachiolaria. 

The  Brachiolaria  is  the  young  of  the  star-fish,  Asterias. 
It  has  a  bilateral  arrangement  of  long  flexible  arms. 
Transparent,  slightly  pigmented  arms.  With  large  open 
mouth,  oesophagus  and  intestine.  Elongated  water-tube 
on  each  side  of  stomach.  Dorsal  pore.  Young  star-fish 
appears  on  left  water-tube  at  or  near  region  of  stomach. 


B.  Pluteus. 

1.  Pluteus  with  two  arms,  very  long   .     Ophiopholis. 

2.  Pluteus  with  anal  arms Arbacia. 

3.  Pluteus  with  epaulettes    .     .     Strongylocentrotus. 

4.  Pluteus  without  epaulettes     .     .     Echinarachnius. 
The  pluteus  is  the  larval  condition  of  the  Ophiuroidea 

and  Echinoidea.     It  is  distinguished  by  the  possession  of 
calcareous  axes  in  the  arms. 


ECHINODERMATA  OP  NEW  ENGLAND. 


71 


1.  The  adult  pluteus  of  Ophiopholis  has  two  arms  very 
much  longer  than  the  others. 

2.  The  pluteus  of  Arbacia  has  eight  oral  and  two  anal 
arms.     No  other  New  England  pluteus  has  the  two  anal 
arms  as  far  as  known. 

3.  The  pluteus  of  Strongylocentrotus  has  eight  oral 
arms  and  epaulettes,  ciliated  appendages  formed  by  the 
outgrowth  of  the  ciliated  chords  at  the  angle  of  the  junc- 
tion of  the  arms   (larger)  with  the  body. 


PLUTEUS   OF  OPHIOPHOLIS. 

4.  The  pluteus  of  Echinarachnius  is  without  epaulettes, 
with  eight  arms,  six  of  which  bear  marked  pigment  spots 
near  their  extremities. 

C.     False  pupa. 

The  false  pupa  is  probably  a  young  of  Lophothuria.  It 
is  globular,  bright  red  in  color,  opaque,  with  a  cluster  of 
knobs  at  one  pole  and  two  knobs  on  one  side.  The  former 
develop  into  the  tentacles  of  the  adult,  the  latter  into  feet 
of  the  soft  foot-like  region  of  the  body. 


72 


CCELENTERATA    AND 


D.  Pupa. 

A  pupa  has  been  found  at  Newport  which  is  referred  to 
Leptosynapta.  Body,  barrel-shaped,  girt  by  rows  of  cilia 
in  bands.  Mouth  at  one  extremity  and  tentacles  seen 
through  the  body  walls.  Calcareous  deposits  in  the  walls 
under  the  ciliated  bands.  The  young  of  this  pupa  is  an 
Auricularia. 


YOUNG  OP  AMPHIURA. 


Attached  young. 

The  young  of  the  following  New  England  genera  of 
Echinoderms  are  attached,  borne  on  the  mother  or  have  an 
indirect  development. 


ECHINODERMATA   OF   NEW  ENGLAND.  73 

OPHIURANS. 

Amphiura  squamata. 

This  species  is  hermaphrodite  and  the  young  reach  a 
stellate  form  before  they  leave  the  parent.  Provisional 
spines  corresponding  to  the  plutean  spines  are  developed, 
to  be  later  lost. 

Ophioglypha  Sarsii. 
Said  to  be  viviparous  ? 

ASTEROIDS. 

Larva  with  club-shaped,  opaque  larval  body  carried 
about  the  mouth.  Color,  white  or  brownish. 

Leptasterias. 

Larva  without  club-shaped  body.  Color,  bright  red, 
carried  in  a  pouch  made  by  an  infolding  of  the  mouth. 

Cribrella. 

Larva  carried  in  pouches  between  a  tent-like  covering 
on  the  back  and  the  back  (aboral)  region  of  the  adult. 

Pteraster* 

No  Echinoid  found  in  New  England  is  known  to  have  a 
direct  development. 

Aster  ina. 

ESSEX   INST.    BULLETIN,    VOL.    XXIII  5* 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


As  will  be  noticed,  the  preceding  pages  are  almost  wholly 
devoted  to  means  and  methods  of  collecting,  and  identify- 
ing unknown  Ccelenterata  and  Echinodermata  when  they 
are  found.  It  likewise  seems  appropriate  in  an  article  of 
this  nature  to  aid  the  collector  by  approaching  the  subject 
from  a  somewhat  different  side.  Where  shall  one  go,  and 
how  collect  certain  of  these  animals  the  systematic  posi- 
tion and  name  of  which  are  known?  Information  as  to  the 
locality  where  any  desirable  genus  of  these  groups  can  be 
found  without  failure,  and  hints  as  to  special  methods  to 
be  followed  in  procuring  it  may  also  with  advantage  form 
a  part  of  this  work.  Teachers  desiring  for  instance  a 
supply  of  star-fishes  or  sea-urchins  for  class  instruction 
might  regard  it  a  help  if  some  information  be  imparted  in 
this  direction.  Hints  as  to  how  to  procure  certain  typi- 
cal larval  forms  may  also  not  he  out  of  place  here. 

I  have  therefore  chosen  a  few  available  types  from  each 
group,  and  endeavored  to  offer  suggestions  as  to  modes 
of  collecting  and  places  to  be  visited,  which  rarely  fail  to 
reward  the  collector. 

Some  of  the  Ccelenterata  and  Echinodermata  are  grega- 
rious ;  others  live  apai  t  more  or  less  isolated.  The  time 
and  place  of  the  appearance  of  nomadic  animals  are  not  con- 
stant, and  no  rule  can  be  laid  down  which  will  be  sure  to 
guide  one  in  the  collecting  of  such  genera.  Moreover,  the 
home  of  many  may  vary  in  different  months,  and  even 

(74) 


GENERAL   DIRECTIONS.  75 

some  of  the  sedentary  genera  may  retire  to  deep  water  in 
certain  seasons.  Except  that  one  might  mention  a  local- 
ity where  he  had  collected  them,  it  is  next  to  impossible 
to  direct  a  collector  to  a  place  where  the  large  majority 
can  always  be  found  without  failure. 

Among  the  Hydrozoa  the  problem  of  habitat  is  perhaps 
more  difficult  to  solve  than  among  the  other  groups. 
Most  of  the  free  genera  are  so  sporadic  in  their  appear- 
ance that  it  is  difficult  to  say  where  one  should  go  on  any 
fixed  date,  and  not  be  prepared  for  failure.  The  places 
where  these  have  been  taken  are  so  widely  spread  along 
our  coast  that  they  may  be  said  to  occur  anywhere  along 
the  shore,  but  for  the  great  majority  of  nomadic  genera 
there  is  great  uncertainty  that  at  any  definite  time  they 
can  be  found  in  numbers  at  any  one  of  these  places.  With 
the  fixed  hydroids  it  is  however  different,  on  account  of 
the  nature  of  their  habitat. 

The  several  genera  of  fixed  hydroids  prefer  as  a  general 
thing  a  rocky  bottom  just  below  low-tide  mark.  Their 
favorite  habitats  are  rocky  cliffs  exposed  to  the  sea,  or  quiet 
pools  left  by  the  retreating  tide.  They  are  also  fond  of 
the  fronds  of  Laminaria  and  Fucus,  buoys  and  submerged 
parts  of  wharves  and  landing  stages.  The  bottoms  of 
boats  which  have  been  continuously  in  the  water  for  some 
time  are  often  covered  with  these  animals.  Although  the 
majority  are  to  be  found  in  these  and  similar  places  there 
are  a  few  which  are  attached  to  the  sand  or  live  in  the  mud. 

Clava  leplostyla,  which  may  be  taken  as  an  available 
type  of  the  so-called  Tubularian  hydroids  can  always  be 
found  at  low  tide  on  the  small  ledge  of  rocks  near  Beverly 
Bridge.  This  locality  I  have  repeatedly  visited  for  the 
purpose  of  collecting  Clava,  and  have  never  been  disap- 
pointed in  obtaining  a  large  number.  It  is  found  attached 
to  the  Fucus  which  hangs  from  these  rocks  into  the 
water. 


76  GENERAL    DIRECTIONS. 

Tubular ia  indivisa  can  always  be  found  at  low  tide 
clinging  in  clumps  to  the  piles  of  Beverly  Bridge,  just  be- 
low low-water  mark.  With  it  are  associated  great  num- 
bers of  Campanularise  and  Obelias. 

If  one  wishes  the  common  Sertnlaria  (8.  pumila),  one 
of  the  best  collecting  places  for  this  most  common  hydroid 
is  Eevere  Beach  at  low  tide.  Almost  every  fragment  of 
Laminaria  or  "oarweecV  washed  up  after  a  storm  will  be 
found  to  be  peopled  with  this  delicate  species.  It  is  more- 
over common  at  all  times  of  the  year. 

The  shells  of  Lunatia  inhabited  by  the  so-called  hermit 
crab  are  favorite  habitats  for  Hydractinia  echinata,  but  it 
is  also  found  encrusting  submarine  objects,  floating  logs, 
water-soaked  ropes,  and  the  under  surface  of  buoys. 

I  am  not  acquainted  with  a  single  locality  which  will  al- 
ways reward  the  collector  with  numerous  specimens  of  the 
different  genera  of  Ctenophoraand  Siphonophora,  although 
it  is  safe  to  say  that  a  few  weeks  at  Eastport  with  constant 
examination  of  the  water  about  the  wharves  will  probably 
reveal  a  limited  number  of  specimens  of  Beroe  and  Bo- 
lina,  and  possibly  an  unexpected  multitude  of  Nanoynia 
car  a. 

I  have  found  the  ebb  tide  at  the  "draw"  at  Beverly 
Bridge  to  sometimes  bring  down  many  large  examples  of 
the  acraspidote  medusa,  Aureliaflavidula,  but  as  with  all 
floating  jelly-fishes  no  locality  can  be  mentioned  where  it 
can  be  found  without  failure  in  quantities.  Cyanea  arc- 
tica  may  sometimes  be  seen  by  the  score  about  the  Boston 
docks  and  near  the  bridges,  yet  many  visits  to  these  places 
might  be  made  without  seeing  a  single  specimen.  Dacty- 
lometra  and  Callinema  are  rare  Acraspeda. 

Our  most  common  Actinian,  A.  marginata,  can  always 
be  collected  in  abundance  on  the  piles  of  Beverly  Bridge. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  easilv  obtained  of  all  of  our  ma- 


GENERAL   DIRECTIONS.  77 

rine  animals,  and  can  be  had  ir*  quantity  in  every  month 
of  the  year.  As  it  is  very  hardy  it  can  readily  be  trans- 
ported alive,  and  kept  in  good  condition  for  some  time  in 
the  class  room. 

Alcyonoids  are  as  a  rule  not  gregarious  and  must  be  ob- 
tained by  dredging.  I  can  recommend  for  some  of  the 
genera  of  this  group  the  broken  shelly  and  clay  bottom 
half-way  between  Eastport  and  Campobello.  One  or  two 
of  the  genera  attach  themselves  by  preference  to  the  inte- 
rior of  broken  Mytilus  shells,  but  they  are  rarely  found  in 
multitudes,  although  at  a  single  haul  of  the  dredge  at  the 
place  mentioned  I  have  often  taken  more  than  a  dozen. 

Echinoderrns  are  found  on  rocky  or  clay  bottoms,  in 
sand,  among  broken  shells  and  in  the  coralline  zone,  from 
moderate  depths  to  the  line  of  low  tide.  Among  the  Oph- 
iuroidea,  Opliiopholis  aculeata  can  always  be  found  just 
below  low  tide  at  Nahant.  It  is  a  habit  of  this  and  some 
other  genera  of  snake-stars  to  avoid  the  light,  so  that  one 
must  search  for  them  under  stones  and  in  the  crannies  and 
crevices  of  rocks  or  similar  secluded  places.  If  a  large 
number  of  Ophiopholis  is  desired,  a  visit  to  Clarke's  ledge, 
Eastport,  will  reward  the  collector  with  as  many  as  he  can 
well  take  care  of. 

The  best  grounds  for  collecting  Gorgonocephalus  Agas- 
sizii  are  the  Race  off  Race  Point,  Provincetown,  and  the 
Cluumel  at  Eastport  off  the  Old  Friar,  Campobello,  but  this 
genus  can  never  be  found  in  shore  collecting.  The  genus 
is  gregarious. 

Asterias,  the  common  star-fish,  is  found  in  abundance  in 
many  localities.  A  visit  to  Beverly  Bridge,  Revere  Beach 
or  Nahant,  is  sure  to  reward  the  collector  with  at  least  a 
few.  If  one  wishes  a  larger  number,  Eastport,  or  best  of 
all  Grand  Manan  will  be  more  profitable.  Cribrella,  like 
most  of  the  other  star-fishes,  prefers  a  rocky  bottom,  but 


78  GENERAL   DIRECTIONS. 

occurs  at  times  on  a  sandy  shore.  Crossaster  is  a  rare  star- 
fish and  no  assurance  can  be  given  as  to  the  certainty  of 
finding  it  in  numbers  in  any  single  locality.  Razor  Island, 
Eastport,  almost  always  contributes  a  few  specimens  of 
Pteraster  and  Ctenodiscus  to  the  dredge.  The  latter 
genus  can  be  dredged  in  abundance  off  Treat's  Island, 
Salem. 

Decaying  meat  or  fish  is  a  good  decoy  for  many  Echi- 
noderms,  especially  star-fishes  and  sea-urchins,  and  when 
a  box  is  baited  with  this  and  left  over  a  tide  under  water 
these  scavengers  are  generally  found  collected  in  it. 

The  Echinoids  make  their  homes  on  both  rocky  and 
sandy  bottoms.  If  one  wishes  a  large  number  of  Stron- 
gylocentroti  he  will  find  them  almost  anywhere  along  the 
Maine  and  Massachusetts  coast  where  there  is  a  rocky  shore. 
At  low  tide  at  Grand  Manan  one  can  gather  them  by  hun- 
dreds and  the  sea  bottom  of  the  littoral  zone  is  there  paved 
with  these  animals  at  certain  points.  The  largest  area 
which  I  have  ever  seen  covered  with  these  animals  is  near 
Mr.  Cheeney's  house  at  the  Point,  Nantucket  Island,  Grand 
Manan,  but  it  is  also  very  common  at  Eastport  and  farther 
south. 

Echinaraclmius  parma  prefers  sand  as  a  dwelling  place. 
It  can  be  dredged  in  great  numbers  off  Revere  Beach,  in 
Provincetown  Harbor  and  off  Ipswich  Beach.  The  chan- 
nel which  separates  Nantucket  from  the  main  island  of  the 
Grand  Manan  group  is  a  very  profitable  dredging  ground 
for  these  animals.  The  Cove  at  Eastport  and  the  adjoin- 
ing beach  afford  a  sheltered  habitat  for  this  genus. 

The  Holothurioidea  live  on  gravelly,  clayey  or  rocky 
bottoms,  and  some  genera  prefer  to  burrow  in  the  sand. 

Pentacta  frondosa  lives  in  numbers  in  the  Eastport 
waters  and  can  be  dredged  a  half  mile  from  the  wharf. 
Indian  Island  is  a  profitable  place  to  visit  for  this  species 


GENERAL    DIRECTIONS.  79 

for  in  the  waters  near  by  it  is  more  common  than  else- 
where. The  days  following  a  violent  storm  almost  cer- 
tainly find  Revere  Beach  strewn  with  multitudes  of  Cau- 
dina  arenata.  Leptosynapta  is  abundant  in  the  littoral 
zone  in  front  of  the  large  hotel  at  the  Point  of  Pines,  but 
it  must  be  dug  out  of  the  sand  for  it  lives  buried  in  the  beach. 
I  have  never  discovered  a  good  locality  where  more  than 
a  few  specimens  of  Cucumaria  can  be  found  on  a  single 
collecting  trip. 

A  few  special  hints  in  regard  to  collecting  ova  and 
younger  larval  stages  may  have  some  value. 

A  means  of  obtaining  the  free  Medusae  of  the  Hydroida 
is  to  keep  the  attached  hydroid  in  an  aquarium  until  the 
zooids  are  dropped.  In  that  way,  if  successful,  a  large 
number  of  individuals  may  be  obtained,  but  the  collector 
must  beprepared  to  meet  with  many  failures,  for  most  of  the 
hydroids  are  not  hardy,  and  the  laws1  which  determine  the 
time  when  individual  hydroids  mature  their  zooids  are  not 
easily  formulated.  Obelia,  Campanularia,  Syncoryne,  and 
Clytia  are  good  genera  to  use  in  endeavors  to  raise  the 
zooids. 

Artificial  fecundation  may  in  some  cases  be  resorted  to 
for  an  abundant  supply  of  the  young  of  several  of  the 
New  England  Coelenterata  and  Echinodermata.  While  it 
will  probably  be  found  that  a  majority  of  the  genera  com- 
posing these  groups  can  be  successfully  reared  in  this  way, 
up  to  the  present  time  only  a  lew  have  been  experimented 
upon  with  satisfactory  results. 


1Various  circumstances  probably  retard  or  accelerate  the  rate  of  growth  of  the 
young  of  the  Coelenterata  and  Echinodermata.  One  of  the  most  important  is,  pos- 
sibly, difference  of  temperature.  As  the  temperature  rises  Ophiopholis  eggs  ma- 
ture more  rapidly,  and  pass  through  their  segmentation  and  larval  conditions  more 
quickly,  and  the  same  may  also  be  the  case  with  many  other  genera.  Various  other 
conditions,  as  amount  of  food,  also  have  an  important  influence  on  the  time  of  ov- 
ulation  and  the  rate  of  growth  of  larvae,  so  that  until  these  facts  are  better  known 
it  is  not  possible  to  understand  completely  the  laws  governing  periodicity  of  ovu- 
lation  and  growth. 


80  GENERAL    DIRECTIONS. 

Possibly  the  best  success  in  this  line  h;is  been  with  the 
Echinoderms.  Echinarachnius  is  a  good  genus  from  which 
to  obtain  a  series  of  larvae  by  artificial  fertilization.  The 
sexes  are  distinct,  male  and  female  sexual  glands  being 
found  in  different  individuals.  While  it  is  not  always 
possible  to  determine  the  sex  by  external  coloration,  an 
examination  of  the  interior  just  under  the  middle  of  the 
upper  side  will  easily  betray  it.  To  artificially  fertilize 
Echinarachnius  the  observer  may  first  make  a  ring-shaped 
incision  through  the  aboral  calcareous  wall  allowing  the 
animal  meanwhile  to  remain  in  the  water.  Carefully  re- 
move the  incised  portion,  and  suck  up  in  a  pipette  a  few 
fragments  of  the  dark  red  organs  which  lie  just  about  the 
apex.  Place  these  in  a  watch  crystal  filled  with  pure  water, 
and  if  the  fragments  thus  transferred  contain  ova  they 
will  soon  give  up  little  transparent  globules  dotted  with 
bright  red  spots.  The  ovaries  are  dark  red,  and  the  sper- 
maries  white  or  yellow. 

When  a  larger  quantity  of  ova  is  desired,  place  the  fe- 
male Echinarachnius  in  a  small  dish,  glass  preferred,  and 
with  gentle  streams  of  water  from  the  pipette  wash  out 
the  small  globular  eggs  with  care,  and  then  remove  the 
Echinarachnius  and  larger  fragments  of  the  ovary  which 
may  have  been  ruptured  from  the  gland.  Then  suck  up  a 
small  quantity  of  the  white  fluid  from  the  male  Echina- 
rachnius into  the  pipette  and  place  it  in  the  watch  crystal  or 
dish  with  the  ova.  Stir  the  mixture  gently  and  set  aside 
for  an  hour  and  a  half  at  which  time,  if  the  process  has 
been  a  success,  the  ova  will  begin  to  segment.  The  young 
plutei  can  be  easily  reared  from  these  eggs  in  great  quan- 
tities, but  care  must  be  taken  to  change  the  water  at  least 
every  two  days.  It  is  also  well  to  pick  out  any  fragments 
of  sexual  glands  which  may  befoul  the  liquid. 

A  limited  number  of  Amphiura  young  may  be  collected 
in  August  and  September,  possibly  in  other  months,  in  the 


GENERAL    DIRECTIONS.  81 

following  way.  If  a  gravid  specimen  is  kept  in  the  aqua- 
ria a  short  time  the  young  may  crawl  out  through  the 
genital  slits  and  will  then  be  found  in  the  jar  in  which  the 
adult  is  kept.  If  it  is  desirable  to  hasten  the  parturition 
the  top  of  the  disk  of  the  parent  may  be  removed  and  then 
the  young  washed  out  gently  with  a  pipette  from  the  sacs 
in  which  they  are  formed. 

The  young  of  Pteraster  must  be  searched  for  in  the 
grooves  on  the  back  covered  by  the  tent-like  membrane 
which  is  stretched  from  the  tips  of  the  spine ;  those  of 
Leptasterias  may  be  found  attached  near  the  mouth. 

Asterias  may  be  artificially  fertilized  and  ova  collected 
in  numbers  by  a  method  similar  to  that  described  for  Echi- 
narachnius.  Strongylocentrotus  and  Arbacia  can  also  be 
treated  with  success  by  the  same  method. 

It  may  happen  in  surface  fishing  that  a  large  number  of 
Ccelenterata  and  Echinoderm  larvae  may  be  taken  with  the 
dip  net  in  the  method  described  under  the  use  of  that  in- 
strument. This  method  of  collecting,  however,  does  not 
yield  the  numbers,  except  in  exceptionally  good  fishing 
that  one  can  obtain  by  keeping  the  adults  in  confinement 
until  the  eggs  are  dropped  or  impregnated  by  artificial 
methods. 

The  collecting  of  young  Coelenterata  and  Echinoder- 
mata  with  the  dip  net  to  fill  out  a  series  has  one  among 
many  advantages.  From  the  fact  that  there  is  a  slight 
variation  in  the  time  of  ovulation,  larval  stages  of  marine 
animals  in  all  conditions  of  growth  may  often  be  fished  out 
of  the  sea  in  the  same  excursion.  It  thus  happens  that, 
for  instance,  in  the  case  of  the  star-fish  one  may  find  the 
stages  of  growth  from  the  youngest  gastrula  to  the  brachi- 
olaria  in  the  same  collecting  trip.  By  the  method  of  col- 
lecting with  a  dip  net  it  is  thus  possible  to  obtain  more 

ESSEX   INST.    BULLETIN,    VOL.    XXHI  6 


82  GENERAL   DIRECTIONS. 

hardy1  specimens  of  older  stages  which  sometimes  through 
various  causes  have  lost  their  vitality  when  raised  in  con- 
finement. 

The  time  of  the  year  which  is  best  suited  for  collecting 
depends  closely  upon  the  genera  desired.  For  shore  col- 
lecting and  dredging,  all  the  summer  months  are  equally 
good  depending  on  the  state  of  the  weather.  Sedentary 
genera  are  not  sensitive  to  the  various  conditions  of  winds, 
calms,  tides,  and  other  influences.  With  floating  marine 
animals  and  the  various  larval  forms  of  most  sedentary 
genera  the  problem  is  somewhat  different.  Their  appear- 
ance and  abundance  vary2  from  month  to  month  and  from 
year  to  year.  It  is  difficult  to  say  what  month  of  the  sum- 
mer is  best  for  collecting  larval  Ccelenterata  and  Echino- 
dermata.  The  strong  autumnal  winds  blow  to  the  shore  a 
large  number  of  floating  genera,  but  the  number  of  quiet 
days  in  each  month  when  these  approach  the  surface  of  the 
water  is  limited.  In  midsummer  months  the  weather  is 
less  boisterous  and  opportunities  to  capture  animals  are 
greater.  My  experience  has  taught  me  that  August  and 
September  are  more  profitable  for  collecting  floating  genera 
than  June  and  July.  There  isj  of  course,  a  connection 


iFor  some  reason  \inknown  to  me  some  larvae  after  having  been  raised  through 
a  number  of  early  conditions  invariably  die,  and  new  fishing  has  to  be  resorted  to 
for  more  advanced  stages.  This  is  no  doubt  in  most  instances  due  to  imperfect 
aeration  of  the  water,  neglect  to  providS  proper  food,  or  lack  of  proper  care.  The 
treatment  of  larvae  in  confinement  must  vary  more  or  less  with  the  different 
genera. 

2The  periodicity  in  the  time  of  the  appearance  is  by  no  means  constant.  In 
some  years  great  multitudes  of  certain  medusae  appear  day  after  day,  and  on  a 
subsequent  year  not  a  single  individual  will  appear.  On  my  first  visit  to  Grand 
Manan  thousands  of  the  beautiful  Siphonophore,  Nanomia  cara  were  seen  every- 
where in  the  water  so  that  they  literally  clogged  my  drag  net.  Suddenly,  how- 
ever, these  all  disappeared  and  in  succeeding  years  in  the  same  months  I  did  not 
see  a  single  individual.  Every  naturalist  can  probably  mention  similar  equally 
remarkable  instances  of  the  sporadic  appearance  of  some  genus  of  marine  life, 
and  I  am  not  familiar  with  any  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  phenomenon. 


GENERAL   DIRECTIONS.  83 

with  the  time  of  ovulation  for  many  genera  cast  their  ova 
throughout  the  summer,  although  the  ovulatiou  of  a  ma- 
jority is  probably  in  the  spring.  Violent  winds  interfere 
with  dredging  and  drive  most  of  the  floating  life  far  below 
the  surface.  The  early  morning  generally  gives  the  smooth- 
est water  and  at  that  time  the  sea  often  has  a  glassy  calm 
which  is  most  advantageous  for  the  capture  of  many  genera. 
Night  collecting  is  claimed  by  many  to  yield  the  greatest 
number  and  variety  of  floating  life. 

The  ever-increasing  interest  in  the  study  of  the  marine 
surface  fauna  renders  it  timely  that  observations  be  re- 
corded and  tables  be  prepared  containing  the  dates  when 
pelagic  larvae  of  different  genera  can  best  be  collected  in 
some  well-known  locality.  It  would,  to  mention  one  of 
the  advantages  of  a  table  collated  from  such  observations, 
be  of  great  help  if  anyone  desirous  of  studying  these  ani- 
mals could  accurately  know  when  the  larvae  or  adults  with 
ova  are  most  likely  to  be  found,  and  could  regulate  his 
visit  to  the  seashore  by  the  information  thus  afforded. 
In  some  of  the  older  marine  zoological  stations  in  Europe 
this  has  been  done  either  in  the  form  of  card  catalogues 
or  published  faunal  lists  with  dates  and  places  of  capture. 

It  has  been  shown  that  there  is  a  pronounced  periodicity 
in  the  occurrence  of  these  larvae,  and  year  after  year  an 
abundance  of  marine  larvae  is  looked  for  in  certain  months 
and  at  no  other  time. 

It  is  not  in  the  scope  of  this  paper  to  consider  why  this  is 
so,  and  if  it  were  the  author  has  many  doubts  whether  any- 
one is  familiar  with  enough  data  to  suggest  any  satisfactory 
explanation  for  it.  Continued  observation  for  a  number  of 
years  is  necessaiyto  arrive  at  any  trustworthy  conclusion, 
and  it  is  desirable  to  gather  statistics  enough  to  justify  gen- 
eral conclusions  in  regard  to  the  probable  time  when  larvae 
can  best  be  obtained  for  study.  Most  of  the  observations 


84  GENERAL    DIRECTIONS. 

on  the  time  of  the  appearance  of  pelagic  animals  have  been 
made  in  the  summer  months  and  very  little  is  known  of 
the  genera  characteristic  of  winter  months.  Our  rigorous 

«->  o 

climate,  however,  does  not  invite  collecting  at  that  time 
and  probably  very  little  embryological  work  could  be  suc- 
cessfully carried  on  in  the  colder  months.  Of  the  life 
which  I  have  collected  in  midwinter  by  surface  fishing, 
larvae  and  young  form  a  very  small  proportion  of  the 
whole. 

Every  collector  has  his  own  preference  for  the  best  place 
to  visit  to  collect  marine  animals,  and  it  is  not  strange 
that  it  generally  corresponds  with  the  place  which  he  has 
most  often  visited.  I  have  worked  at  only  a  few  stations 
in  New  England  and  am  no  doubt  prejudiced  in  their  fa- 
vor. The  wealth  of  floating  life  at  Newport  is  the  greatest 
known  to  me  on  the  New  England  coast,  but  in  the  few 
excursions  I  have  made  at  Wood's  Holl,  it  has  seemed  to 
me  that  there  was  little  difference  in  the  amount  of  float- 
ing life  in  the  two  places. 

For  dredging,  however,  neither  of  these  places  can  com- 
pare with  Eastport  and  Grand  Man  an.  The  latter  place 
is  a  paradise  for  the  collector  of  Ccelenterata  and  Echino- 
dermata.  Several  circumstances  combine  to  make  it  such. 
The  enormous  tides  which  sweep  around  the  islands  lay 
bare  a  littoral  zone  of  great  breadth.  They  also,  since 
their  volume  is  so  great,  bring  a  large  number  of  floating 
animals  from  deep  water.  "  The  opportunities  for  work 
at  Grand  Manan  with  the  dip-net  in  the  study  of  free- 
swimming  animals  are  very  great.  The  student  of  these 
forms  of  life  is  particularly  recommended  to  visit  the  so- 
called  "ripplings"  or  tide  eddies,  several  miles  from  the 
shore,  near  the  line  where  the  platform  of  the  islands  sinks 
to  the  deeper  sounding  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  These  ed- 
dies are  favorite  feeding  places  of  many  marine  animals, 


GENERAL   DIRECTIONS.  85 

from  the  whale  to  the  minute  Medusae  and  Crustacea,  and 
at  a  proper  time  of  the  tide  afford  most  profitable  collect- 
ing places."  The  distance  from  the  shore  and  the  diffi- 
culty of  access  are  the  only  drawbacks,  but  if  possible  they 
should  be  visited  by  every  collector  who  is  interested  in 
the  collecting  of  marine  life  in  its  natural  habitat.  A  world 
for  investigation  here  awaits  the  attention  of  the  naturalist. 

An  advantage  in  working  at  Grand  Ma  nan  is  the  ease 
with  which  delicate  marine  animals  can  be  kept  alive  in 
small  aquaria  for  a  considerable  time.  The  water  is  very 
cold  and  the  change  in  temperature  not  as  sudden  as  in 
more  southern  parts  of  New  England.  My  experience 
has  been  that  the  difficulty  in  keeping  the  water  in  small 
glass  vessels  used  for  aquaria  at  an  even  temperature  with 
that  of  the  bay  is  not  as  great  in  northern  New  England 
stations  as  in  southern  and  the  consequent  danger  of  mor- 
tality is  lessened.  The  constant  fogs,  however,  are  draw- 
backs which  limit  the  number  of  days  when  collecting  can 
be  prosecuted.  The  small  island  of  Nantucket1  of  the 
Grand  Manan  group  is  most  favorably  situated  for  a  lab- 
oratory or  for  a  point  from  which  to  reach  the  different 
collecting  grounds. 

The  reader  is  reminded  that  there  is  no  one  locality  on 
our  coast  where  all  the  genera  here  recorded  can  be  col- 
lected. Marine  animals  have  their  homes  which  are 
limited  by  as  sharply  drawn  lines  as  those  of  any  forms 
of  organic  life.  Continued  research  on  the  facies  of  the 
New  England  marine  fauna  indicates  the  existence  of  con- 
ditions on  the  coast  which  separate  the  northern  from 


1  Grand  Manan  had  on  my  visits  a  tri-weekly  communication  with  Eastport  by 
a  small  steamer.  Eastport  can  be  reached  from  Boston  by  the  steamers  of  the  In- 
ternational line,  also  called  the  St.  John's  steamers.  There  is  a  daily  stage  from 
North  Head,  the  landing  place  of  the  steamer  from  Eastport  to  Grand  Manan,  to 
Woodward's  Cove,  which  is  near  Nantucket  island.  Comfortable  accommodations 
can  be  had  at  Mr.  Cheney's  home  on  the  island. 


86  GENERAL    DIRECTIONS. 

the  southern  faunas  by  a  line  of  demarcation  of  the  most 
rigid  character.  The  coast  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts 
bay  is  bathed  by  a  cold  Arctic  ocean  current  which  is  re- 
placed south  of  Cape  Cod  by  warmer  water.  Although 
several  genera  straggle  from  one  zone  into  the  other, 
the  majority  are  limited  to  their  homes  by  this  powerful 
climatic  influence.  Hence  it  is  that  one  may  expect  to 
find  a  great  difference  in  the  marine  life  of  Narragansett 
Bay  and  that  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  while  I  have  at- 
tempted to  consider  both  in  this  article  even  the  best  of 
collecting  places  will  not  yield  more  than  a  small  propor- 
tion of  the  genera  considered.  That  part  of  my  work 
which  deals  with  floating  life  and  with  larval  forms  is  nec- 
essarily very  incomplete. 


LIST  OF  CCELENTERATA  AND   ECHINODERMATA  FOUND  IN 
NEW  ENGLAND. 

In  the  accompanying  list  I  have  mentioned  the  majority  of  the  genera 
and  species  of  Coelenterates  and  Echinoderms  which  occur  in  New- 
England  waters.  It  is  believed  that  this  list  includes  the  more  com- 
mon species  of  these  animals  which  the  teacher  is  liable  to  collect  on 
his  excursions.  The  identification  of  the  majority  of  the  animals  of 
the  list  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  facilitated  by  a  knowledge  of  the  generic 
and  specific  differentiation  indicated  by  the  diagnosis  which  is  given  of 
the  more  common  types. 

HYDROZOA. 
HYDROIDEA. 

Acaulis  primarius  Stimpson.  Antennularia  Kirsch. 

Aglaophenia  arborea   (Desor)          Blastothela  rosea  Verrill. 

Verrill.  Bougainvillea  superciliaris  Ag. 


NOTB.— The  figures  of  Modeeria  (  Turritopsis) ,  Zanclea  and  Cunina,  in  the  preced- 
ing pages  were  originally  published  in  works  by  the  author  from  drawings  loaned 
him  by  Dr.  A.  Agassiz;  that  of  Acaulis  from  drawings  by  Prof.  A.Hyatt.  To 
these  naturalists  and  to  all  others  to  whom  the  writer  is  indebted,  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  ihis  Aid,  the  writer  t;ikes  t'ds  occasion  to  express  his  appreciations  of 
his  obligation,  and  his  sincere  thanks. 


APPENDIX. 


87 


Calycopsis  typa  Fewkes. 
Calycella  plicatilis  Hincks. 
"        humilis  Hincks. 
"        producta  G.  O.  Sars. 
"        pygmaea  Hincks. 
"        syringa  Hincks. 
Campanularia  caliculata  Hincks. 
Campanularia  flexnosa  Hincks. 
"  fragilis  Hincks. 

"  neglecta  Hincks. 

Campanulina  acuminata  Alder. 
Cladocarpus  cornutus  Verrill. 
"  spectabilis  Verrill. 

"  Pourtalesii  Verrill. 

Clytia  bicophora  Ag. 
Clytia  intermedia  Ag. 
"      cylindrica  Ag. 
"       Johnstoni  Hincks. 
Cladonema  radiatum  Dujardin. 
Clavatella  Uiucks. 
Clava  leptostyla  Ag. 
Clavula  vesicaria  Verrill. 
Corymorpha  nutans  Sars. 
Coryne  (Gaertner). 
Cunina  discoides  Fewkes. 
Cuspidella  costata  Hincks. 
"        humilis  Hincks. 
Dicoryne  flexuosa  G.  O.  Sars. 
Diphasia  fallax  Ag. 
"         rosacea  Ag. 
"        mirabilis  Verrill. 
Dinematella  cavosa  Fewkes. 
Dipurena  strangulata  McCr. 
Dysmorphosa  fiilgurans  A.  Ag. 
Ectopleura  ochracea  A.  Ag. 
Eucheilota  ventricularis  McCr. 
Eudeudrium  ramosum  Ehr. 
"        dispar  Ag. 
"        rameum  Johnston. 
"        cingulatum  Stimp. 
"        capillare  Alder. 
"        tenue  A.  Ag. 
Eupliysa  virgulata  A.  Ag. 
Eutima  gracilis  Fewkes. 
Filellum  (see  Reticularia)  Hincks. 


Gemraaria  gemmosa  McCr. 
Grammaria  abietina  Sars. 
Globiceps  tiarella  (McCr.)  Ayres. 
Gonothryrea  hyalina  Hincks. 
"  Lovenii  All  man. 

"  gracilis  Allman. 

Gonothryrea  teuuis  Clark. 
Halopsis  cruciata  A.  Ag. 
"      ocellata  A.  Ag. 
Hydmllmania  falcata  Hincks. 
Hydractinia  echinata  Johnston. 
Hybocodon  prolifer  Ag. 
Halecium  gracile  Verrill. 
Malecium  articulosum  Clark. 
"        Beanii  Johnston. 
"        muricatum  Johnston. 
Hydrichthys  mirus  Fewkes. 
Lafcea  pocillum  Hincks. 

"    dumosa  Sars. 

"     grandis  Hincks. 
Lafea  robuhta  Verrill. 
Lafcea  fruticosa  Sars. 
Lafoea  gracillima  Sars. 
Leptoscyphus  Allman. 
Liriope  scutigera  McCr. 
Lizzia  octopuuctata  Forbes. 
Lovenella  gracilis  Clark. 
Lytocarpia  myriphyllum  Kirch. 
Mabella  gracilis  Fewkes! 
Melicertum  campanula  Esch. 
Modeeria  (Turritopsis)    multiten- 

taculata  Fewkes. 
Myriothela  phrygia  Sars. 
Nemopsis  Bachei  Ag. 
Obelia  gelatinosa  McCr. 
Obelia  flabellata  Hincks. 

"    diaphana  Allman. 

"    geniculata  Hincks. 

"    polygena  (A.  Ag.) 

"    parasitica  (A.  Ag.) 

"    pyriformis  (A.  Ag.) 

"     fiisiformis  (A.  Ag.) 

"     dichotoma  Hincks. 

"     longissima  Hincks. 
Oceania  languida  Ag. 


88 


APPENDIX. 


Opercularella  lacerata  Hincks. 

Ophiodes  mirabilis  Hincks. 

Parypha  crocea  Ag. 

Pennaria  gibbosa  Ag. 

Perigonimus  S;irs. 

Podocoryne  carnea  Sars. 

rtychogena  lactea  A.  Ag. 

Plumularia  Verrillii  Clark. 

Beticularia  serpens  (Filellum  ser- 
pens') Hincks. 

Khizoget on  fusiformis  Ag. 

Sarsia  mirabilis  (see  Syncoryne) 
Ag. 

Salacia  robust  a  Hincks. 

ISertularia  abietina  Lin. 
"          filicula  Lin. 

Sertularia  argentea  Ellis  &  Sol. 

S.  argentea,  var.  divaricata  Clark. 

Sertularia  latiuscula  Stimp. 
"          cupressina  Lin. 
"         pumila  Lin. 

Sertularella  tricuspidata  Hincks. 
"  rugosa  Gray. 

Sertularella  polyzonias  Gray. 


S.  polyzonias  var.  gigantea  Hincks. 
Sertularella  Gayi  Gray? 
Stauridium  Dujarclin. 
Staurophora  laciniata  Ag. 
iStomobrachium  tentaculatum  Ag. 
Syncoryne  mirabilis  Allm. 
Syncoryne  reticulatum  (A.  Ag.). 
Stomatoca  apicata  Ag. 
Thamnocnida  spectabilis  Ag. 

"  tenella  Ag. 

Thaumantias  Eschscholtz. 
Tiaropsis  diademata  Ag. 
Tima  Bairdii  Ag. 
Tubularia  indivisa  Lin. 
Tubularia  Couthouyi  Ag. 

"          stellifera  Couth. 
Tubiclava  cornucopice  Norm. 
Thuiaria  articulata  Flern. 
Trachyneina  digitalis  A.  Ag. 
Turris  episcopalis  Fewkes. 
Willia  ornata,  McCr. 
Zygodactyla  Groenlandica  Ag. 
Zanclea  (see  Grammuria)  Gegen- 

baur. 


SIPHONOPHORA. 


Agalmoides  elegans  Fewkes. 
Diphyes  sp. 

Diplophysa  inermis  Gegenbaur. 
Eudoxia  Lessonii  Huxley. 


Nanomia  cara  A.  Ag. 
Physalia  arethusa  Til. 
Porpita  sp. 
Velella  mutica  Esch. 


ACRASPEDA.1 

Aurelia  flavidula  Per.  et  Les.  Cyanea  arctica  Per.  et  Les. 

Callinema  ornata  Verrill.  Dactylometra  quinquecirra  A.  Ag. 

To  these  are  allied  the  Lucernaridse  for  which  the  reader  is  referred 
to  H.  J.  Clark  and  E.  Haeckel,  System  der  Medusen. 
Haliclystus  auricula  Clark.  Lucernaria  quaaricornis  Mull. 

Halinocyathus  platypus  Clark.  Manania  auricula  Clark. 


Beroe  roseola  (Ag.). 
Bulina  alata  Ag. 
Lesueuria  hypoptera  A.  Ag. 


CTENOPHORA. 

Mertensia  ovum  Morch. 
Mnemiopsis  Leidyi  A.  Ag. 
Pleurobrachia  rhododactyla  Ag. 


1This  group  has  been  known  by  several  names  of  which  Discophora  and  Scy- 
pliomedusae  may  be  mentioned.  At  the  present  time  the  latter  is  thought  by  some 
naturalists  to  be  the  best  name  for  the  group. 


APPENDIX.  89 


*,     ACTINOZOA. 

ALCYONOIDA. 

Acanella  Normani  Verr.  Cornulariella  modesta  Verrill. 

Acanthogorgia  armata  Verrill.  Paragorgia  arborea  Edw.  &Haim. 

Alcyonium  rubif orme  Ehr.  ?  Paramuricea  borealis  Verrill. 

"  carneum  Ag.  Pennatula  aculeata  Dan. 

Anthothela  insignis  Verrill.  Primnoa  reseda  Verrill. 

Balticina  Finmarchica  Gray.  Virgularia  Ljungmanni  K611. 

ACTINOIDA. 

Actinoloba       marginata       Edw.  Epizoanthus  Goodei  Verrill. 

&  Flaim.  Flabellum  angulare  Mosely. 

Astrangia  Danae  Agassiz.  llyanthus  Icems  Verrill. 

Bolocera  Tuedise  Gosse.  Lophohelia      prolifera    Edw.     & 

Caryophyllia  borealis  (Mosely).  Haim. 

Cereanthus  borealis  Verrill.  Philomednsa  parasitica  (Verr.) 

Deltocyathus  Agassizii  Pourtales.  Tealia  nodosa  (Fabr.). 

Edwardsia  sipunculoides  Stimp.  "       crassicornis. 

"  lineata  Verrill. 

ECHINODERMATA. 

HOLOTHUKIOIDEA. 

Cauclina  arenata  Stimp.  Pentacta  assimilis    (Dub.   &  Kor) 

Chirodota  laeve  Grube.  Verrill. 

Cucumaria  frondosa  Jaeg,  Psolus  phantapus  Oken. 

Leptosynapta  Girardii  Verrill.  "       regalis  Verrill. 

Lophotlmria  Fabricii  Verrill.  Stereoderma  unisemita  Ayres. 

"          squamata  Verrill.  Thyone  scabra  Verrill. 

Molpadia  oolitica  Pourt.  "      el  on  gata  (Ayres)  Verrill. 

Molpadia  turgida  Verrill.  Thyonidium    hyalinum     (Forbes) 

Pentacta  minuta  (Fabr.).  Verrill.  Norm. 

Pentacta  calcigera  Stimp.  Thyonidium  productum  Stimp. 

ECHINOJDEA. 

Arbacia  punctulata  Lam.  Strongylocentrotus     Drobachien- 

Echinarachnius  parma  Gray.  sis  A.  Ag. 

Schizaster  frag  His  Dan.  &  Kor. 

ASTEROIDEA. 

Asterias  vulgaris  Stimp.  Asterias  polaris   (Mull.  &   Tros.) 

Asterias  Forbesii  Verrill.  Verrill. 

Asterias  stellionura  Perrier.  Asterina  borealis  Verrill. 

ESSEX  INST.    BULLETIN,   VOL.    XXIII  6* 


90 


APPENDIX. 


Cribrella  sanguineolenta  Liitk.  Leptasterias  compta  (Stimp,)  Ver- 

Ctenodiscus  crispatus  Dan.  &  Kor.  rill,  t 

Crossaster  papposus    Mull,    and  Hippasterias  phrygiana  Agassiz. 

Troschel.  Pteraster  militaris  Mull.  &Trosch. 
Leptasterias  tenera  (Stimp.)  Ver- 

rill. 

OPHIUROIDEA. 

Amphiura  squamata  Lyman.  Ophiacantha  bidentata  Ljung. 

Amphiura  tenuispina  Ljung.  Ophioglypha  Sarsii  Lym. 

Gorgonocephalus  Agassizii  Stimp.     Ophiopholis  aculeata  Gray. 

NOTE. — The  author  has  indicated  by  italics  in  the  above  list  several  genera  and 
species  which  cannot  be  identified  by  the  use  of  the  "Aid."  In  addition  to  those 
there  are  several  others  which  the  author  has  never  seen,  and  others  which  more 
properly  belong  to  deep  water  than  to  the  regions  indicated  for  the  scope  of  this 
article.  Kor  the  introduction  of  these  the  author  claims  the  kind  indulgence  of  the 
reader.  Many  genera  found  in  very  deep  water  are  omitted. 

The  author's  studies  of  marine  animals  upon  which  he  has  mainly  relied  in  the 
preparation  of  this  "Aid"  were  made  during  his  connection  with  Dr.  A.  Agassiz' 
Marine  Laboratory  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
at  Cambridge.  He  takes  this  opportunity  to  express  his  gratitude  for  the  advan- 
tages afforded  him  at  those  places. 

He  has  spent  portions  of  four  summers  at  Eastport  and  Grand  Manan,  and 
made  frequent  excursions  to  Provincetown,  Beverly  Bridge,  Chelsea  Beach  and 
Ipswich. 

A  more  complete  list  of  the  Act.inoids  and  Echinodermata  will  be  found  in  "Ver- 
rill's  List,"  which  has  been  of  great  help  to  the  author  in  the  preparation  of  this 
Aid,  and  for  which  he  wishes  to  express  his  thanks. 


INDEX. 


Acanella,  56. 
Acanthogorgia,  56. 

Actiniaria,  50. 
Actinoida,  50. 
Actinoloba,  51,  76. 
Actinozoa,  50. 
Acaulis,  29,  32,  33. 
Acraspecla,  14,  45. 
Agalrnoicles,  43. 
Aglaophenia,  31,  38. 
Alcyonacea,  54,  55. 
Alcyoniurn,  55. 
Ampliiura,  65,  73 
Antennularia,  31,  38. 
Anthothela,  56. 
Arbucia,  70,  71. 
Asterias,  62. 
Asteroidea,  60,  61. 
Asterina,  64,  73. 
Astrangia,  51,  53. 
Astrophytidse,  64,  66. 
Athecata,  29. 
Aurelia,  46,  47,  48. 
Auricularia,  70. 

Balticina,  55. 
Beroe,  48,  50. 
Bougainvillia,  29,  35. 
Brachiolaria,  70. 
Bunodes,  50,  52. 

Calicopsis,  14,  20,  27. 
Callinema,  47,  48. 
Calycella,  31,  37. 
Calycophorse,  41. 
Campanularia,  30,  36. 
Campanulina,  31,  36. 
Caudina,  69. 
Cereanthus,  51,  53. 
Cladonema,  30,  35. 
Clava,  33,  75. 
Clavatella,  29. 
Clypeastroids,  66. 


Clytia,  15,  23,  28,  30,  36. 
Ccelenterata,  11. 
Corymorpha,  29,  33. 
Coryne,  30. 
Cribrella,  62,  73. 
Crinoidea,  60. 
Crossaster,  63. 
Ctenodiscus,  64. 
Ctenophora,  14,  48. 
Cucumaria,  6!». 
Cunina,  39,  86. 
Cuspidella,  31. 
Cyanea,  45,  46,  47,  48,  51,  76. 

Dactylometra,  45,  46,  47,  48. 
Deltocyathus,  54. 
Dinematella,  14,  17,  26. 
Diphasia,  31,  38. 
Diphyes,  42. 
Diplophysa,  45. 
Dipurena,  14,  18,  27. 
Dysmorphosa,  14,  20,  27. 

Echinaraclmius,  68,  70,  71. 
Echinodermata,  57. 
Echinoids,  66,  67. 
Echinoidea,  61,  66. 
Ectopleura,  14,  18,  27,  29. 
Edwardsia,  51,  53. 
Ephyrae,  47,  48. 
Eucheilota,  15,  24,  28. 
Eudendrium,  29,  34. 
Eudoxia,  45. 
Eutima,  15,  25,  28. 

False  pupa,  70,  71. 
Filellum,  31,  37. 
Flabellum,  54. 

Gonothryrsea,  30,  36. 
Gorgonacea,  54,  55. 
Gorgonocephalus,  66. 
Grammaria,  37. 

(91) 


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«?*" 

k     ~^T&TJ 

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*$* 

1^ 

VJAN    51955 

DEC  1  3  1954 

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IAN  ft      1961 

JRN  o      ly"  ' 

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. 

LD  21-100m-12,'43  (8796s) 

,50. 


73. 


35. 


,  41. 


5. 

20,  27. 

{,  26,  35. 

us,  67,  70,  71. 


36. 

14,  38. 
76. 


Perlgoneraus,  29,  35. 
Philomedusa,  51,  53. 


!7,  86. 
Zoanthus,  50. 
Zygodactyla,  1 5,  26,  28. 


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